Archive for Opinions – Page 56

Speculator Extremes: Silver, Gasoline & Peso lead Bullish & Bearish Positions

By InvestMacro

The latest update for the weekly Commitment of Traders (COT) report was released by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) on Friday for data ending on April 2nd.

This weekly Extreme Positions report highlights the Most Bullish and Most Bearish Positions for the speculator category. Extreme positioning in these markets can foreshadow strong moves in the underlying market.

To signify an extreme position, we use the Strength Index (also known as the COT Index) of each instrument, a common method of measuring COT data. The Strength Index is simply a comparison of current trader positions against the range of positions over the previous 3 years. We use over 80 percent as extremely bullish and under 20 percent as extremely bearish. (Compare Strength Index scores across all markets in the data table or cot leaders table)


Here Are This Week’s Most Bullish Speculator Positions:

Silver

The Silver speculator position comes in as the most bullish extreme standing this week. The Silver speculator level is currently at a 100.0 percent score of its 3-year range.

The six-week trend for the percent strength score totaled 46.7 this week. The overall net speculator position was a total of 53,147 net contracts this week with a gain of 2,311 contract in the weekly speculator bets.


Speculators or Non-Commercials Notes:

Speculators, classified as non-commercial traders by the CFTC, are made up of large commodity funds, hedge funds and other significant for-profit participants. The Specs are generally regarded as trend-followers in their behavior towards price action – net speculator bets and prices tend to go in the same directions. These traders often look to buy when prices are rising and sell when prices are falling. To illustrate this point, many times speculator contracts can be found at their most extremes (bullish or bearish) when prices are also close to their highest or lowest levels.

These extreme levels can be dangerous for the large speculators as the trade is most crowded, there is less trading ammunition still sitting on the sidelines to push the trend further and prices have moved a significant distance. When the trend becomes exhausted, some speculators take profits while others look to also exit positions when prices fail to continue in the same direction. This process usually plays out over many months to years and can ultimately create a reverse effect where prices start to fall and speculators start a process of selling when prices are falling.


Gasoline


The Gasoline speculator position comes next in the extreme standings this week. The Gasoline speculator level is now also at a 100.0 percent score of its 3-year range.

The six-week trend for the percent strength score was 36.5 this week. The speculator position registered 83,723 net contracts this week with a weekly rise of 7,994 contracts in speculator bets.


Mexican Peso


The Mexican Peso speculator position comes in next this week in the extreme standings. The Mexican Peso speculator level also resides at a 100.0 percent score of its 3-year range.

The six-week trend for the speculator strength score came in at 19.1 this week. The overall speculator position was 133,730 net contracts this week with a small rise of 1,662 contracts in the weekly speculator bets.


Coffee


The Coffee speculator position comes up number four in the extreme standings this week. The Coffee speculator level is at a 96.6 percent score of its 3-year range.

The six-week trend for the speculator strength score totaled a change of 11.9 this week. The overall speculator position was 67,482 net contracts this week with a boost of 11,447 contracts in the speculator bets.


Steel


The Steel speculator position rounds out the top five in this week’s bullish extreme standings. The Steel speculator level sits at a 93.6 percent score of its 3-year range. The six-week trend for the speculator strength score was 7.6 this week.

The speculator position was -714 net contracts this week with an increase by 1,074 contracts in the weekly speculator bets.


This Week’s Most Bearish Speculator Positions:

Japanese Yen


The Japanese Yen speculator position comes in as the most bearish extreme standing this week. The Japanese Yen speculator level is at a 0.0 percent score of its 3-year range.

The six-week trend for the speculator strength score was -18.2 this week. The overall speculator position was -143,230 net contracts this week with a decline of -14,124 contracts in the speculator bets.


Swiss Franc


The Swiss Franc speculator position comes in next for the most bearish extreme standing on the week. The Swiss Franc speculator level is at a 0.0 percent score of its 3-year range.

The six-week trend for the speculator strength score was -34.7 this week. The speculator position was -22,370 net contracts this week with a dip of -402 contracts in the weekly speculator bets.


US Dollar Index


The US Dollar Index speculator position comes in as third most bearish extreme standing of the week. The US Dollar Index speculator level resides at a 0.9 percent score of its 3-year range.

The six-week trend for the speculator strength score was -7.3 this week. The overall speculator position was -1,896 net contracts this week with a drop of -1,267 contracts in the speculator bets.


Australian Dollar


The Australian Dollar speculator position comes in as this week’s fourth most bearish extreme standing. The Australian Dollar speculator level is at a 4.4 percent score of its 3-year range.

The six-week trend for the speculator strength score was -18.7 this week. The speculator position was -102,685 net contracts this week with a gain of 2,767 contracts in the weekly speculator bets.


1-Month Secured Overnight Financing Rate


Finally, the 1-Month Secured Overnight Financing Rate speculator position comes in as the fifth most bearish extreme standing for this week. The 1-Month Secured Overnight Financing Rate speculator level is at a 8.2 percent score of its 3-year range.

The six-week trend for the speculator strength score was -39.6 this week. The speculator position was -220,606 net contracts this week with a decrease by -48,562 contracts in the weekly speculator bets.


Article By InvestMacroReceive our weekly COT Newsletter

*COT Report: The COT data, released weekly to the public each Friday, is updated through the most recent Tuesday (data is 3 days old) and shows a quick view of how large speculators or non-commercials (for-profit traders) were positioned in the futures markets.

The CFTC categorizes trader positions according to commercial hedgers (traders who use futures contracts for hedging as part of the business), non-commercials (large traders who speculate to realize trading profits) and nonreportable traders (usually small traders/speculators) as well as their open interest (contracts open in the market at time of reporting). See CFTC criteria here.

Week Ahead: EURCAD ready to breakout?

By ForexTime 

  • Big week for minor currency pair
  • BoC + ECB rate decisions in focus
  • EURCAD trapped within 300 pip range
  • Prices gaining bullish momentum on D1
  • Bloomberg model: 76% chance EURCAD – (1.45454 – 1.48439)

Key central bank decisions, speeches from policymakers, high-impact data, and earnings announcements by US banks may inject markets with fresh volatility next week:

Sunday, 7th April

  • CNH: China forex reserves

Monday, 8th April

  • GER40: Germany industrial production
  • JPY: Japan current account balance
  • CHF: SNB President Thomas Jordan speech
  • SEK: Riksbank Governor Erik Thedeen speech
  • USD: Minneapolis Fed President Neel Kashkari speech

Tuesday, 9th April

  • AU200: Australia consumer confidence
  • CN50: China aggregate financing, money supply, new yuan loans
  • TWN: Taiwan CPI
  • CHF: SNB Vice Chair Martin Schlegel speech
  • SEK: Riksbank Deputy Governor Martin Floden speech
  • ZAR: South Africa manufacturing production

Wednesday, 10th April  

  • CAD: BoC rate decision
  • JP225: Japan PPI
  • NZD: RBNZ rate decision
  • TWN: Taiwan trade
  • NAS100: US March CPI, FOMC minutes, Chicago Fed President Austan Goolsbee speech

Thursday, 11th April

  • CN50: China CPI, PPI
  • EUR: ECB rate decision
  • US30: US initial jobless claims, PPI, New York Fed President John Williams, Boston Fed President Susan Collins speech
  • GBP: BOE policymaker Megan Greene speech
  • SEK: Riksbank Deputy Governor Per Jansson speech

Friday, 12th April

  • CAD: Canada existing home sales
  • CNH: China trade
  • GER40: Germany CPI
  • JP225: Japan industrial production
  • NZD: New Zealand food prices, PMI
  • UK100: UK industrial production, Manufacturing production, Trade balance, GDP (MoM)
  • USD: University of Michigan consumer sentiment, San Francisco Fed President Mary Daly speech
  • US500: Citigroup, JPMorgan and Wells Fargo earnings

The spotlight shines on the EURCAD which has been trapped within a 300-pip range since December 2023.

Given how the Bank of Canada (BoC) and European Central Bank (ECB) rate decisions have the potential to rock the minor currency, a major breakout may be on the horizon.

Here are 3 reasons why:

    1) BoC rate decision

The Bank of Canada is expected to leave interest rates unchanged at 5% on Wednesday.

When considering the two consecutive downside surprises in inflation, expectations are rising over the central bank cutting interest rates in summer. Nevertheless, much attention will be directed towards the policy statement for fresh insight into the central bank’s future rate decisions.

Traders are currently pricing in a 72% probability of a 25-basis point BoC cut by June 2024 with a move fully priced in by July.

  • Should the BoC hint that a rate cut could be on the horizon, the CAD is likely to weaken – boosting the USDCAD as a result.
  • If the BoC signals that more time may be needed before rates are lowered, this could lend support to the CAD – dragging the USDCAD lower.

 

    2) ECB rate decision

Markets widely expect the European Central Bank to leave interest rates unchanged on Thursday.

Back in March, the European Central Bank signalled that interest rates could be cut by June after lowering its forecast for inflation. So much focus will be on Lagarde’s press conference for additional clues on future policy moves, especially after inflation fell to 2.4% in March – its lowest rate in more than two years.

Traders are currently pricing in a 92% probability of a 25-basis point ECB cut by June with a move fully priced in by July.

  • A dovish sounding ECB that confirms that rates will be cut in June may hit the euro, sending the EURCAD lower.
  • If the ECB sounds more hawkish than expected, the euro may jump – pushing the EURCAD higher.

 

    3) Technical forces

EURCAD seems to be gaining bullish momentum on the daily charts with prices trading above the 50, 100 and 200-day SMA.

  • A solid breakout above 1.4700 may trigger a move towards 1.4750 which has proved a tough nut to crack. Should bulls secure a solid daily close above this level, it could open the doors towards 1.4850.
  • Should prices drop below the 100-day SMA at 1.4665, this could trigger a selloff towards the 50-day SMA and 200-day SMA at 1.4620. Below this point, will be the low at 1.4545.

The Bloomberg FX model now forecasts a 76% chance that EURCAD will trade within the 1.45454 – 1.48439 range through next week.


Forex-Time-LogoArticle by ForexTime

ForexTime Ltd (FXTM) is an award winning international online forex broker regulated by CySEC 185/12 www.forextime.com

America’s green manufacturing boom, from EV batteries to solar panel production, isn’t powered by renewable energy − yet

By James Morton Turner, Wellesley College 

Panasonic’s new US$4 billion battery factory in De Soto, Kansas, is designed to be a model of sustainability – it’s an all-electric factory with no need for a smokestack. When finished, it will cover the size of 48 football fields, employ 4,000 people and produce enough advanced batteries to supply half a million electric cars per year.

But there’s a catch, and it’s a big one.

While the factory will run on wind and solar power much of the time, renewables supplied only 34% of the local utility Evergy’s electricity in 2023.

In much of the U.S., fossil fuels still play a key role in meeting power demand. In fact, Evergy has asked permission to extend the life of an old coal-fired power plant to meet growing demand, including from the battery factory.

With my students at Wellesley College, I’ve been tracking the boom in investments in clean energy manufacturing and how those projects – including battery, solar panel and wind turbine manufacturing and their supply chains – map onto the nation’s electricity grid.

The Kansas battery plant highlights the challenges ahead as the U.S. scales up production of clean energy technologies and weans itself off fossil fuels. It also illustrates the potential for this industry to accelerate the transition to renewable energy nationwide.

The clean tech manufacturing boom

Let’s start with some good news.

In the battery sector alone, companies have announced plans to build 44 major factories with the potential to produce enough battery cells to supply more than 10 million electric vehicles per year in 2030.

That is the scale of commitment needed if the U.S. is going to tackle climate change and meet its new auto emissions standards announced in March 2024.

The challenge: These battery factories, and the electric vehicles they equip, are going to require a lot of electricity.

Producing enough battery cells to store 1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) of electricity – enough for 2 to 4 miles of range in an EV – requires about 30 kWh of manufacturing energy, according to a recent study.

Combining that estimate and our tracking, we project that in 2030, battery manufacturing in the U.S. would require about 30 billion kWh of electricity per year, assuming the factories run on electricity, like the one in Kansas. That equates to about 2% of all U.S. industrial electricity used in 2022.

Battery belt’s huge solar potential

A large number of these plants are planned in a region of the U.S. South dubbed the “battery belt.” Solar energy potential is high in much of the region, but the power grid makes little use of it.

Our tracking found that three-fourths of the battery manufacturing capacity is locating in states with lower-than-average renewable electricity generation today. And in almost all of those places, more demand will drive higher marginal emissions, because that extra power almost always comes from fossil fuels.

However, we have also been tracking which battery companies are committing to powering their manufacturing operations with renewable electricity, and the data points to a cleaner future.

By our count, half of the batteries will be manufactured at factories that have committed to sourcing at least 50% of their electricity demand from renewables by 2030. Even better, these commitments are concentrated in regions of the U.S. where investments have lagged.

Some companies are already taking action. Tesla is building the world’s largest solar array on the roof of its Texas factory. LG has committed to sourcing 100% renewable solar and hydroelectricity for its new cathode factory in Tennessee. And Panasonic is taking steps to reach net-zero emissions for all of its factories, including the new one in Kansas, by 2030.

More corporate commitments can help strengthen demand for the deployment of wind and solar across the emerging battery belt.

What that means for US electricity demand

Manufacturing all of these batteries and charging all of these electric vehicles is going to put a lot more demand on the power grid. But that isn’t an argument against EVs. Anything that plugs into the grid, whether it is an EV or the factory that manufacturers its batteries, gets cleaner as more renewable energy sources come online.

This transition is already happening. Although natural gas dominates electricity generation, in 2023 renewables supplied more electricity than coal for the first time in U.S. history. The government forecasts that in 2024, 96% of new electricity generating capacity added to the grid would be fossil fuel-free, including batteries. These trends are accelerating, thanks to the incentives for clean energy deployment included in the 2022 Inflation Reduction Act.

Looking ahead

The big lesson here is that the challenge in Kansas is not the battery factory – it is the increasingly antiquated electricity grid.

As investments in a clean energy future accelerate, America will need to reengineer much of its power grid to run on more and more renewables and, simultaneously, electrify everything from cars to factories to homes.

That means investing in modernizing, expanding and decarbonizing the electric grid is as important as building new factories or shifting to electric cars.

Investments in clean energy manufacturing will play a key role in enabling that transition: Some of the new advanced batteries will be used on the grid, providing backup energy storage for times when renewable energy generation slows or electricity demand is especially high.

In January, Hawaii replaced its last coal-fired power plant with an advanced battery system. It won’t be long before that starts to happen in Tennessee, Texas and Kansas, too.The Conversation

About the Author:

James Morton Turner, Professor of Environmental Studies, Wellesley College

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

Expert Shares the Best Silver Stocks for the Breakout

Source: Ron Struthers (4/3/24) 

Ron Struthers of Struthers Resource Stock Report compares six silver stocks to the SLV ETF, shares Pan American, a gold producer with many silver lines, and touches on Mag Silver, which he believes is not well known enough. 

This chart compares the silver ETD ‘SLV’ to 5 well-known silver producers, Hecla, Coeur Mining, Majestic Silver, Mag Silver, and Pan American Silver. Also, non-producer Discovery Silver.

Like gold stocks, silver stocks are beaten up. SLV shows a 40% gain since the September/October 2022 bottom, while only Coeur Mining has outperformed, but that is because it is really a gold producer now. Hecla has almost caught SLV, and Pan American shows a small gain during the comparison period.

Coeur Mining Inc. (CDE:NYSE) might be remembered as a silver stock, but in 2023, 70% of its revenue came from gold. They do have about an equal value of reserves in silver compared to gold, so there is still leverage to silver. Couer stock has moved up lately, and that is related to the gold price increase.

First Majestic Silver Corp. (FR:TSX; AG:NYSE; FMV:FSE) used to be one of my favorites, but I am not too happy with their performance of late. In 2023, production was 26.9 million silver equivalent (AgEq) ounces, consisting of 10.3 million silver ounces and 198,921 gold ounces. It gets about 60% of its revenue from silver.

Hecla Mining Co. (HL:NYSE) is an old well, well-known silver stock, and currently about 60% of revenues are from silver production. It should do well with rising silver prices.

Two silver stocks lagging on the chart that should do more than catch up are Pan American Silver and Mag Silver, so I am adding these two to our Selection list along with Discovery Silver as huge leverage to silver and a take-over target and also lagging silver on the chart.

Pan American Silver

Recent Price – $15.80

Dividend yield – 2.5%

Shares Outstanding – 364.7

Pan American Silver Corp. (PAAS:TSX; PAAS:NASDAQ) trades like and is valued like a silver company, but it is really a gold company when it comes to production, so it is one of the gold stocks that has lagged recently.

However, Pan American has huge silver resources, over 1 billion ounces Measured and Indicated, so it is like a gold stock with several silver linings.

  • For 2023, silver production was 4 million ounces, and gold production was 882,900 ounces.
  • For silver, they realized a price of $22.94, so gross revenue was about $468 million.
  • For gold, they realized a price of $1,951/oz, so gross revenue was $1.72 billion.

You can see that gold is over 70% of revenues, but the stock has not responded to the rising gold price, as well as many other gold stocks.

They have 1,033,800,000 M&I ounces of silver at $6/oz in the ground is about $6 billion value, and 16,083,600 M&I ozs gold at $150/oz in the ground is about $2.4 billion.

PAAS has a market cap of US$7.76 billion, less cash plus debt, for a value of $6.12 billion. You can look at the stock as either the silver is valued cheaply or the gold is valued cheaply. The current dividend gives about a 2.5% yield, and I expect this to rise as gold and silver go higher.

Pan American enters 2024 in a solid financial position with cash and short-term investments totaling $440.9 million and the full $750.0 million available under our undrawn credit facility. Total debt of $801.6 million was related to construction and other loans, leases, and two senior notes Pan American assumed through the acquisition of Yamana.

Pan American acquired Yamana Gold this year, which will drive growth in 2024. The company is very diversified, with 11 producing mines, so rather than get into each mine, this graphic from their presentation gives you a good idea of the diversity.

Conclusion

The company is well diversified and in strong financial shape. Their gold and silver ounces are valued cheaply like most miners now, but I don’t believe the stock has responded as well to the rising gold price as others. I see it catching up.

The company believes its stock is undervalued as well because it announced a normal course issuer bid to buy back up to 5% of the stock. They will have rising revenues and cash flow for 2024.

Its guidance for 2024 is 21 to 23 million ounces of silver at AISC of $16 to $18.50 per ounce. For gold, it is projecting 880,000 to 1 million ounces of production at AISC of $1,475 to $1,575. PAAS will have very good margins for 2024, and the higher gold and silver prices will add significantly to this.

Of note, and because New Pacific Metals -NUAG is on our list, Pan American owns an ~11.6% undiluted interest in New Pacific, which is advancing the Silver Sands exploration project in Bolivia.

Don’t be surprised if Pan American buys out New Pacific. The stock is way down from 2020/2021 highs, so it has lots of legroom to the upside. We need to see a close above $17 for a higher high and confirm the turnaround. I see that soon.

I believe the stock could easily break the $20 resistance and get back close to $30 or better this year.

That makes the Call Options attractive as well. I like the January 2025 $20 Call option for US$2.50.

Mag Silver 

Recent Price – US$11.45

Share Outstanding – 103 Million

Mostly Institutional held –  owning 70%

No debt and US$68.7 million cash on Dec 31, 2023

I have followed MAG Silver Corp. (MAG:TSX; MAG:NYSE American) for many years.

It is a relatively new producer because its mine just started production in 2023, so it is probably not known so much as a major silver producer. This principal asset is a 44% interest in the Juanicipio Mine located in Zacatecas, Mexico, which achieved commercial production at its 4,000 tonnes per day (“tpd”) processing facility on June 1, 2023.

MAG’s partner is Fresnillo Plc., a London-based company that debuted on the London Stock Exchange in 2008 following a successful, profitable, and decades-long track record as a Mexican mining company.

Due to its history as part of the Peñoles Group, Fresnillo can trace its origins back to the commencement of Peñoles’ mining operations in 1887 and smelting and refining operations at Torreon in 1901. The Juanicipio mine is high grade at 472 g/t silver and low cost at $9.18/oz AISC, so it will be a real cash cow for Mag Silver now that it is in production. A mine does not get much better than this one, and I don’t think the stock reflects this fact.

The silver recoveries are good at 88%, and in the last half of 2024, the mine generated a free cash flow of about $103 million, of which $33.4 million went to Mag Silver.

This is a great slide from their presentation that shows free cash flow at very conservative base case pricing and at spot prices.

Free cash flow of $180 M/year at current spot prices. If we get the prices I expect, hang on tight.

The mine has M&I resources of 406,277,000 AgEq ounces — Mag Silver 44% would be 178,740 ounces. The current valuation for MAG is about $6/oz silver, which is about the average of other companies, but this is an above-average mine.

There is tons of upside exploration potential here, so it will be a very long mine life, and the potential the mill rate could be expanded in a few years to increase production.

Conclusion

About 75% of revenue is from silver, so this is a pretty pure play on silver. Cash flow for the fourth quarter was around US$36 million, and with higher silver prices, we could easily see cash flow in 2024 for MAG around $160 million.

The stock is trading at around 11.5 times cash flow, according to MarketWatch. If it simply maintains that multiple, the stock should move to about $18.00 in 2024. On the chart, the long-term downtrend has been broken, and the stock is about to break out to a higher high and above the first resistance, around $12.00.

Discovery Silver

Recent Price – CA$0.85

Shares Outstanding – 395 million.

Eric Sprott owns 23% and Institutions 37%

Many of you will remember Discovery Silver Corp. (OTCMKTS:DSVSF) as it was on the Selection List for quite a while, but we got stopped out in 2022 at $1.55.

We can buy back much cheaper now. Discovery’s flagship project is its 100%-owned Cordero project, the world’s largest undeveloped silver deposit. The feasibility study completed in February 2024 demonstrates that Cordero has the potential to be developed into a large-scale, long-life project with low unit costs and attractive economic returns that offers the combination of margin, size, and scalability.

Cordero is located close to infrastructure in a prolific mining belt in Chihuahua state, Mexico. In the chart below, Mag Silver would fit between Ays and Hecla.

Summary of Cordero feasibility study results:

  • Large-scale, long-life production: 19-year mine life with an average annual production of 37 million ounces silver equivalent in concentrate in year 1 to year 12 and 33 Moz AgEq in concentrate over the life of the mine;
  • Highly profitable: low unit costs with all-in sustaining costs per AgEq ounce of under $12.50 (U.S.) in year one to year eight and under $13.50 (U.S.) over the LOM, placing Cordero in the bottom half of the cost curve;
  • Tier 1 reserve base: reserves of silver: 302 Moz, gold: 840,000 oz, lead: 3.0 billion pounds, and zinc: 5.2 billion pounds, positioning Cordero as the largest undeveloped silver deposit globally;
  • Clear upside potential: 240 million tonnes of measured and indicated resource sit outside of the feasibility study pit, highlighting the potential to materially extend the mine life at modestly higher silver prices;
  • Low capital intensity: initial development capital expenditures of $606 million resulting in an attractive after-tax net present value to capital expenditure ratio of 2.0;
  • Attractive economics: base-case after-tax net present value discounted at 5% of $1.2 billion (U.S.), growing to $2.2 billion (U.S.) in year 4, when the project reaches final completion to 51,000 tonnes per day.

Conclusion

On December 31, Discovery had a strong cash position of almost CA$59 million, so they have plenty enough to move this through permitting to the construction phase. DSV submitted an Environmental Impact Assessment (MIA) in August 2023; the review process is ongoing.

The deposit is massive. With the Feasibility and more drilling, the Measured & Indicated Resource grew by 70 Moz AgEq to 1,202 Moz AgEq within the pit outline.

Discovery has a market cap of US$255 million less cash, a value of about US$210 million. This puts a value per ounce of a measly US$0.17 cents. I expect a lower valuation with a lower grade deposit, but the average grade in the first few years of mine life is around 100 g/t silver, which is pretty decent for an open pit.

As you can see on the chart, this had a much higher valuation with fewer ounces and about the same silver price, but it is beaten down like every miner. The downtrend is broken, and the stock is close to breaking out to a higher high and resistance around $0.95. From here, it could soon get back to the $1.50 area.

As you have probably noticed from yesterday’s report, silver broke out today, currently at $26.77 on Comex.

I bought silver coins from my dealer yesterday, Colonial Acres. It is the most silver coin I have seen in stock there for years. I would not wait long; I expect this will soon get bought up.

 

Important Disclosures:

  1. Mag Silver Corp. is a billboard sponsor of Streetwise Reports and pays SWR a monthly sponsorship fee between US$4,000 and US$5,000.
  2. As of the date of this article, officers and/or employees of Streetwise Reports LLC (including members of their household) own securities of Pan American Silver Corp.
  3. Ron Struthers: I, or members of my immediate household or family, own securities of: Pan American Silver Corp. and Discovery Silver. I determined which companies would be included in this article based on my research and understanding of the sector.
  4. Statements and opinions expressed are the opinions of the author and not of Streetwise Reports, Street Smart, or their officers. The author is wholly responsible for the accuracy of the statements. Streetwise Reports was not paid by the author to publish or syndicate this article. Streetwise Reports requires contributing authors to disclose any shareholdings in, or economic relationships with, companies that they write about. Any disclosures from the author can be found  below. Streetwise Reports relies upon the authors to accurately provide this information and Streetwise Reports has no means of verifying its accuracy.
  5.  This article does not constitute investment advice and is not a solicitation for any investment. Streetwise Reports does not render general or specific investment advice and the information on Streetwise Reports should not be considered a recommendation to buy or sell any security. Each reader is encouraged to consult with his or her personal financial adviser and perform their own comprehensive investment research. By opening this page, each reader accepts and agrees to Streetwise Reports’ terms of use and full legal disclaimer. Streetwise Reports does not endorse or recommend the business, products, services or securities of any company.

For additional disclosures, please click here.

Struthers Resource Stock Report Disclosures

All forecasts and recommendations are based on opinion. Markets change direction with consensus beliefs, which may change at any time and without notice. The author/publisher of this publication has taken every precaution to provide the most accurate information possible. The information & data were obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but because the information & data source are beyond the author’s control, no representation or guarantee is made that it is complete or accurate. The reader accepts information on the condition that errors or omissions shall not be made the basis for any claim, demand or cause for action. Because of the ever-changing nature of information & statistics the author/publisher strongly encourages the reader to communicate directly with the company and/or with their personal investment adviser to obtain up to date information. Past results are not necessarily indicative of future results. Any statements non-factual in nature constitute only current opinions, which are subject to change. The author/publisher may or may not have a position in the securities and/or options relating thereto, & may make purchases and/or sales of these securities relating thereto from time to time in the open market or otherwise. Neither the information, nor opinions expressed, shall be construed as a solicitation to buy or sell any stock, futures or options contract mentioned herein. The author/publisher of this letter is not a qualified financial adviser & is not acting as such in this publication.

A century after the EEG was discovered, it remains a crucial tool for understanding the brain

By Giridhar Kalamangalam, University of Florida 

Jena, Germany, 1924: Working in near-isolation and with painstaking tediousness, the psychiatrist Hans Berger observes rhythmic electrical activity from the scalp of human subjects. He is convinced the activity arises from within the brain and coins the term “electroencephalogram.”

It is 10 years before the scientific community accepts Berger’s work, birthing the field of electroencephalography, or EEG for short.

Today, the electroencephalogram – also abbreviated as EEG – is widely known as a medical test measuring brain electrical activity that’s used on patients who have, or are suspected to have, neurological disorders. The EEG provides a window into the living brain, with a continuous electrical readout of what is happening inside our heads. The procedure may be short, often just a 30-minute recording. But for patients monitored for diagnosis or treatment of brain disease, it can be continued for much longer – days or even weeks.

As a neurologist specializing in epilepsy, I use EEG on a daily basis. Our team at the University of Florida interprets thousands of EEGs a year in neurological patients. I also run a research lab where our goal is to understand the basic structure of the EEG in health and disease.

A history of unexpected twists

The story of EEG is colorful and littered with fables. Berger’s interest in brain electricity was not to combat disease, though that was his day job as a physician, but to find a biological basis for his belief in telepathy. He wondered whether the brain waves of EEG could convey thoughts through space, allowing people to read each other’s minds. He was unsuccessful in his mission, but the field he founded nonetheless took off.

By the mid-1930s, researchers had observed the striking differences between the awake and asleep EEG. The EEGs of patients with brain disease turned up a variety of unprecedented observations.

And then came a defining moment for modern medicine. In December 1934, a group of Boston physicians observed the rhythmic EEG spike-wave appearance of seizures in patients with “petit mal” epilepsy. Petit mal is an anachronistic term for a type of epilepsy where a patient’s flow of thought, speech or action momentarily freezes during seizures. For the first time, the symptoms and behavior of patients during seizures were correlated to a brain signal occurring in lockstep.

EEG quickly evolved from a scientific curiosity to a mainstream clinical tool. The first clinical EEG laboratory was set up at Massachusetts General Hospital in 1937. The practice grew in the ensuing decades into the specialized services that institutions like ours have offered since the 1970s.

The EEG explained

So what, exactly, is the EEG?

Imagine taking two small metallic discs connected by a conducting wire. Place one disc on the scalp and connect the other to a neutral reference, such as the ear. Watch a tiny alternating current flow in the wire, proportional to the electrical activity sensed by the conducting contact. This activity is the EEG, the electrical milieu that bathes brain tissue.

In turn, the EEG arises from the excitable nature of nerve cells, or neurons. When neurons fire, action potentials – brief, high-voltage spikes traveling outward from their cell bodies – set up local electrical activity in other neurons, causing current to flow within and outside them.

These local current flows may cause the targeted neurons to fire in turn and set up yet more current flows. Thus, the system sustains itself. The average overall activity is a mix of many different frequencies, with the five main ones called delta, theta, alpha, beta and gamma waves.

If the EEG were just random up-and-down drift – “the bloodless dance of action potentials,” commented a skeptical early 20th century neurologist – it would be much less interesting. The remarkable fact is that EEG tends to spontaneously organize into patterns in time and space.

The spike-wave pattern of petit mal, referenced earlier, is a classic example, but scores of others are now known. Clinical EEG practice is just recognizing characteristic EEG patterns and correlating them to specific disease states.

Fluctuating neurons

Beyond the clinic, an unsettling scientific question emerges. Simply put, how do electrical patterns arise in the brain? How do the billions of neurons and their trillions of local current flows fluctuate in just the right ways to create globally ordered structure?

Our research group has been interested in the fundamental question of pattern formation in EEG. It turns out that activity in the brain is naturally repetitive – that is, oscillatory. This is due to the way neurons are connected and the fact that they interact by excitation and inhibition to produce push-pull effects.

Considering local oscillations as fundamental building blocks, we showed that the EEG over the entire brain could be built up from such elementary blocks. More interestingly, the differing frequencies could be made to coalesce, or synchronize, into a common rhythm. We recognized that synchronization of this type underlies some seizurelike patterns observed in patients.

EEG is but one way to study the brain.

EEG, AI and the mind

Pattern formation in nature is deeply fascinating. How does a leopard get its spots? How does the audience at a concert spontaneously settle into a rhythmic applause? Many such questions trace their origin to a classic paper on biological pattern published in 1952. Its author was Alan Turing, better known as the father of computer science and early advocate of artificial intelligence, or AI.

The hardware underlying the majority of today’s AI systems are neural networks. Neural networks were introduced in 1943 by Warren McCulloch, a physician and electroencephalographer. Like Berger, McCulloch’s interest in EEG extended beyond brain disease. He wondered where in the brain’s neurons and EEG lay the capacity to think. He conceived the idea of grouping artificial neuronlike computing units into networks, analogous to how real neurons in the brain interconnected.

Together with Walter Pitts, he proved that such neural networks could function as a general-purpose computer. The seminal McCulloch-Pitts ideas were refined over the ensuing decades and reside in the “deep learning” neural networks of today’s AI.

Deep learning AI has infiltrated all areas of biomedicine, including neurology. For example, AI systems can successfully interpret brain scans. AI methods have also been used to analyze EEG.

Can AI systems be trained to deduce thoughts from the EEG? Can AI approach Berger’s quest for telepathy? Incredibly, recent deep-learning AI research has shown that some aspects of mental activity may be decoded from EEG.

In 2024, EEG turns 100. What windows will it open into the brain and mind in the future? Doubtless, clinical applications will grow. Surely, brain pattern generation will be better understood. Perhaps EEG will glimpse the content of the mind. And for neurologists like me surveying the AI revolution, there’s the quiet pride that EEG was really at the start of it all.The Conversation

About the Author:

Giridhar Kalamangalam, Professor of Neurology, University of Florida

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

Turkey’s economy is paying the price for years of policy mistakes

By Gulcin Ozkan, King’s College London 

For many years, it wasn’t the economy that determined voting behaviour in Turkey. The country’s president, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, won almost every election he contested despite a deteriorating economic outlook.

This is commonly explained by the importance of identity politics in a country that has been polarised by the policies of Erdoğan’s ruling Justice and Development (AK) Party over its 22 years in power.

However, Erdoğan’s streak came to a screeching halt on Sunday March 31 following Turkey’s local elections. His AK Party lost the popular vote for the first time since 2002 and the main opposition group claimed victory in key cities including Istanbul and Ankara.

The reason why this time was different lies in the huge accumulated costs from years of policy mistakes that are now beginning to bite in a serious way.

So, what was the economic outlook as the country went to the polls?

On March 21, Turkey’s central bank raised interest rates unexpectedly to 50%. The move was the latest in a succession of rate rises that have followed Erdoğan’s re-election as president in May 2023. It was viewed as evidence of the central bank’s determination to fight runaway inflation that is hovering close to 70%.

The rising interest rates have been widely applauded as a much-needed reversal from the unorthodox monetary policy that had gone on far too long. Erdoğan’s unconventional policy stance arose from his deep-held conviction that raising interest rates would increase inflation rather than reduce it.

The pandemic and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine caused inflation to soar worldwide. While almost every central bank raised interest rates in response, Turkey went on an interest rate cutting spree. Keeping rates artificially low contributed to the rise in domestic inflation, and has made Turkey an inflation champion on a par with Argentina and Venezuela.

Decoupling from other emerging economies

Emerging markets have been surprisingly resilient in the face of the global financial squeeze. Unlike in the past, many emerging economies have avoided huge fluctuations in their exchange rates, have not been subject to debt distress and have managed to keep inflation under control.

One reason for this is the success of emerging economies in improving their policy frameworks, particularly by enhancing the independence of their central banks. More specifically, central banks in these countries have significantly improved their communication and transparency, and have become much better at forecasting inflation. As such, countries including Chile, Czech Republic and South Africa have outperformed their counterparts in advanced economies.

Sadly, Turkey was an outlier in this sphere. The country has completely ditched the independence of its monetary policy to such an extent that its central bank has had six different governors in the last five years.

Politics has also played a disproportionate role in the making of economic policy. Changes to the Turkish constitution, which were put in place in 2018, gave Erdoğan significant executive powers to push for very generous spending ahead of the 2023 presidential elections.

Minimum wage rose substantially and costly pension schemes and subsidised housing projects were put in place. This expansion in public spending naturally contributed to the inflationary pressures that were already brewing.

Turkey’s outlier position in loose monetary policy, cutting rates between 2021 and 2023 while everyone else had been tightening, is the very reason why its central bank is now having to push rates up while others are just starting the easing cycle.

Why does this matter?

Getting monetary policy wrong matters for most countries. But it matters particularly for countries like Turkey that are highly open to trade and financial flows, and for whom exchange rate movements are a crucial source of fluctuation in the domestic economy.

One of the biggest losers of Erdoğan’s unorthodox monetary policy has been the Turkish lira. Over the past six years, the value of the lira has fallen dramatically against the US dollar. In January 2018, you would have needed to part with 3.76 liras to purchase one US dollar. Today, this figure stands at 31.9 liras.

Large fluctuations in the value of the lira matter for the Turkish economy for several reasons.

First, a significant part of Turkey’s imports are inputs used in the production process, particularly of vehicles, machinery and mechanical appliances that make up nearly half of the country’s exports. Any fall in the value of the lira will push up input costs and hence prices, reducing the competitiveness of the country’s exports.

Second, Turkey imports a substantial part of its energy from abroad. In much the same way, any depreciation of the lira will make it more expensive to import energy.

Third, Turkey is sitting on substantial external liabilities in foreign currency terms. This makes the depreciation of the lira even more costly. Any loss in its value magnifies the amount of resources required to repay a given level of foreign currency liabilities.

Moving forward

Turkey’s return to more orthodox economic policy is good news. But it is so overdue that even the sharp reversals in policy have not been sufficient to turn the tide on its economy, especially in the fight against inflation. Persistent inflationary pressures have forced citizens to increase their holdings of foreign currency, which has put further pressure on the lira.

Facing a slowdown in foreign capital inflows, the authorities have had to burn significant amounts of foreign currency reserves to prevent the lira from depreciating further. The sharp rise in interest rates on March 21 should be seen in a similar vein and as the price the country is having to pay for its past policy mistakes.

More importantly, it has been nearly a year since Turkey returned to more conventional economic policy and there is no plan for a restructuring of the economy with proper institutional reform at its core. If proof is needed as to whether robust and independent policy institutions benefit economic performance, you need look no further than the recent resilience of other emerging economies.

Brazil, for example, hasn’t only rebounded strongly from the pandemic. It has managed to control inflation and boasts one of the best performing currencies in the world.The Conversation

About the Author:

Gulcin Ozkan, Professor of Finance, King’s College London

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

 

UK100 index teases record high

By ForexTime 

  • UK100 index broke above 8k mark today
  • This stock index came to within 150 pips of its all-time high
  • Falling UK house prices fostered bets for UK interest rate cuts
  • “Dovish” Bank of England weakened GBP, cheered UK stocks
  • Could this be the 12th FXTM stock index to reach record high this year?

 

The UK100 index came to less than 0.2% away from its record high!

This stock index broke above the psychological 8,000 level, before easing back lower at the time of writing.

 

What is a stock index?

Imagine a stock index being a basket of many different stocks.

The index measures the overall performance of all those stocks inside that “basket”.

So, rising stock prices inside that “basket” tends to push the index’s prices higher, and vice versa.

 

What does the UK100 stock index track?

FXTMs UK100 stock index tracks the performance of the benchmark FTSE 100 index.

The FTSE 100 is a blue-chip index, measuring the performance of the 100 biggest companies listed on the London Stock Exchange.

This includes well-known companies such as Shell, AstraZeneca, HSBC, Unilever, and BP, among others.

 

How far away is the UK100 from its current record high?

The current ATH (all-time high) for this stock index, using intraday prices, stands at 8051.4 posted on 16th February 2023.

Note that this UK100 index tends to move by an average of 0.9% on any given trading day over the past two years.

In other words, this UK100 stock index remains well within reach of its current record high.

If the UK100 stock index can set a new record high soon, that would raise the tally to …

12 of the 18 different stock indices offered across FXTM’s platforms that have posted their respective record highs so far in 2024!

 

UK100 playing catch up with global peers

Note that the UK100 stock index is up “just” about 3% so far in 2024.

That pales in contrast to the year-to-date gains shown in these stock indexes:

  • JAP225: +19%
  • NETH25: +13%
  • EU50: +12.7%
  • TWN: +11.7%
  • US500: +9.9%

 

Why is the UK100 stock index rising today (Tuesday, April 2nd)?

Today (April 2nd, 2024), it was revealed that UK house prices in March 2024 fell 0.2% compared to February 2024.

This was the first month-on-month decline for UK house prices since December 2023.

While falling UK house prices may ease inflationary pressures, it could also mean stagnating economic growth.

Either way, the data points to a greater likelihood that the Bank of England may cut its Bank Rate sooner rather than later.

 

How does the BOE’s rate outlook impact the FTSE 100 stock index?

The prospects of UK interest rates moving lower tends to weaken the British Pound, which in turn lifts up the FTSE 100.

At the time of writing, markets are pricing in a 72% chance that the Bank of England will lower its benchmark rate at its June 2024 policy meeting.

Those 72% odds are significantly higher compared to the 42% chance accorded just a month ago (early March 2024) for the same event (BOE rate cut in June).

As a general rule, markets tend to weaken the currency belonging to the central bank that’s about to lower its interest rates.

 

Also note that the FTSE 100 index and Sterling tend to go in opposite directions (inverse relationship).

In fact, using Bloomberg data, over any given 5-day rolling period over the past 30 years …

the FTSE 100 has moved in the opposite direction as the British Pound, 95% of the time!

 

Hence, the thought of lower BOE rates = weaker Pound = higher UK100 stock index.

 

How high could the UK100 stock index go?

Wall Street analysts predict that this UK100 stock index could flirt with the 9,000 mark, 12 months from now.

That suggests potential gains of over 12% over the next 12 months!

If investors can become even more optimistic about the UK and global economic outlook, supported by lower interest rates in the UK, that should help this UK100 stock index realise its upside potential.

 

Beware of technical pullback

However, on the daily timeframe, note that the UK100’s 14-day relative strength index (RSI) has broken the 70 line and into “overbought” territory.

History suggests that such a technical event may lead to a price pullback in the near future.

Still, once the froth has been cleared from this technical pullback, the UK100 stock index may resume its uptrend that began in late-October 2023, provided the fundamental reasonings remain sound.

 


Forex-Time-LogoArticle by ForexTime

ForexTime Ltd (FXTM) is an award winning international online forex broker regulated by CySEC 185/12 www.forextime.com

Speculator Extremes: MXN, Gasoline & Silver lead Positions

By InvestMacro

The latest update for the weekly Commitment of Traders (COT) report was released by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) on Friday for data ending on March 26th.

This weekly Extreme Positions report highlights the Most Bullish and Most Bearish Positions for the speculator category. Extreme positioning in these markets can foreshadow strong moves in the underlying market.

To signify an extreme position, we use the Strength Index (also known as the COT Index) of each instrument, a common method of measuring COT data. The Strength Index is simply a comparison of current trader positions against the range of positions over the previous 3 years. We use over 80 percent as extremely bullish and under 20 percent as extremely bearish. (Compare Strength Index scores across all markets in the data table or cot leaders table)


Here Are This Week’s Most Bullish Speculator Positions:

Mexican Peso


The Mexican Peso speculator position comes in as the most bullish extreme standing this week. The Mexican Peso speculator level is currently at a 100.0 percent score of its 3-year range.

The six-week trend for the percent strength score totaled 16.1 this week. The overall net speculator position was a total of 132,068 net contracts this week with a rise of 3,398 contract in the weekly speculator bets.


Speculators or Non-Commercials Notes:

Speculators, classified as non-commercial traders by the CFTC, are made up of large commodity funds, hedge funds and other significant for-profit participants. The Specs are generally regarded as trend-followers in their behavior towards price action – net speculator bets and prices tend to go in the same directions. These traders often look to buy when prices are rising and sell when prices are falling. To illustrate this point, many times speculator contracts can be found at their most extremes (bullish or bearish) when prices are also close to their highest or lowest levels.

These extreme levels can be dangerous for the large speculators as the trade is most crowded, there is less trading ammunition still sitting on the sidelines to push the trend further and prices have moved a significant distance. When the trend becomes exhausted, some speculators take profits while others look to also exit positions when prices fail to continue in the same direction. This process usually plays out over many months to years and can ultimately create a reverse effect where prices start to fall and speculators start a process of selling when prices are falling.


Gasoline


The Gasoline speculator position comes next in the extreme standings this week. The Gasoline speculator level is now at a 99.1 percent score of its 3-year range.

The six-week trend for the percent strength score was 19.5 this week. The speculator position registered 75,729 net contracts this week with a weekly gain of 5,721 contracts in speculator bets.


Silver


The Silver speculator position comes in third this week in the extreme standings. The Silver speculator level resides at a 96.9 percent score of its 3-year range.

The six-week trend for the speculator strength score came in at 58.5 this week. The overall speculator position was 50,836 net contracts this week with a decline of -1,599 contracts in the weekly speculator bets.


DowJones Mini


The DowJones Mini speculator position comes up number four in the extreme standings this week. The DowJones Mini speculator level is at a 92.8 percent score of its 3-year range.

The six-week trend for the speculator strength score totaled a change of -0.6 this week. The overall speculator position was 20,012 net contracts this week with a dip of -2,433 contracts in the speculator bets.


Bloomberg Commodity Index


The Bloomberg Commodity Index speculator position rounds out the top five in this week’s bullish extreme standings. The Bloomberg Commodity Index speculator level sits at a 92.6 percent score of its 3-year range. The six-week trend for the speculator strength score was 22.4 this week.

The speculator position was -3,119 net contracts this week with a rise of 4,736 contracts in the weekly speculator bets.


This Week’s Most Bearish Speculator Positions:

Swiss Franc


The Swiss Franc speculator position comes in as the most bearish extreme standing this week. The Swiss Franc speculator level is at a 0.0 percent score of its 3-year range.

The six-week trend for the speculator strength score was -44.9 this week. The overall speculator position was -21,968 net contracts this week with a decrease of -1,468 contracts in the speculator bets.


Australian Dollar


The Australian Dollar speculator position comes in next for the most bearish extreme standing on the week. The Australian Dollar speculator level is at a 1.9 percent score of its 3-year range.

The six-week trend for the speculator strength score was -23.7 this week. The speculator position was -105,452 net contracts this week with a boost of 2,086 contracts in the weekly speculator bets.


Japanese Yen


The Japanese Yen speculator position comes in as third most bearish extreme standing of the week. The Japanese Yen speculator level resides at a 3.2 percent score of its 3-year range.

The six-week trend for the speculator strength score was -15.6 this week. The overall speculator position was -129,106 net contracts this week with a drop of -13,094 contracts in the speculator bets.


US Dollar Index


The US Dollar Index speculator position comes in as this week’s fourth most bearish extreme standing. The US Dollar Index speculator level is at a 3.5 percent score of its 3-year range.

The six-week trend for the speculator strength score was -5.6 this week. The speculator position was -629 net contracts this week with a dip of -1,308 contracts in the weekly speculator bets.


Soybeans


Finally, the Soybeans speculator position comes in as the fifth most bearish extreme standing for this week. The Soybeans speculator level is at a 9.7 percent score of its 3-year range.

The six-week trend for the speculator strength score was 1.8 this week. The speculator position was -153,714 net contracts this week with an increase by 13,939 contracts in the weekly speculator bets.


Article By InvestMacroReceive our weekly COT Newsletter

*COT Report: The COT data, released weekly to the public each Friday, is updated through the most recent Tuesday (data is 3 days old) and shows a quick view of how large speculators or non-commercials (for-profit traders) were positioned in the futures markets.

The CFTC categorizes trader positions according to commercial hedgers (traders who use futures contracts for hedging as part of the business), non-commercials (large traders who speculate to realize trading profits) and nonreportable traders (usually small traders/speculators) as well as their open interest (contracts open in the market at time of reporting). See CFTC criteria here.

Climate change puts global semiconductor manufacturing at risk. Can the industry cope?

By Josh Lepawsky, Memorial University of Newfoundland 

Semiconductors are the basic building blocks of microchips. These technological marvels are in everything from lightbulbs and toothbrushes to cars, trains and planes, not to mention the vast array of electronics that have become integral to many people’s daily lives.

The 21st century chip manufacturing industry has been described as “at least as significant geopolitically as oil was in the 20th.” But semiconductor manufacturing requires vast quantities of water to keep machinery cool and wafer sheets free of debris, and the unfolding climate emergency puts the industry at risk.

Despite the industry’s dependence on water, little attention has been paid to how changing environmental conditions may impact it. Reporting by journalists and think tanks tend to overlook climate as a risk factor for the future of the industry.

Yet, globally and regionally there are signs of trouble. Taiwan, for example, produces about 90 per cent of the world’s most advanced semiconductors and has been experiencing a significant drought since 2021.

The drought is bad enough that Taiwanese farmers are being paid to keep their fields fallow so water that would otherwise go to agriculture can be fed into semiconductor manufacturing plants. Taiwanese manufacturing plants have even had to resort to trucking water from one watershed to another to overcome shortages.

Publicly available data on climate change-induced water stress, combined with data on the location of existing, planned and announced semiconductor manufacturing facilities around the world, all point to global patterns of concern for the future of semiconductor manufacturing.

Looming water shortages ahead

No matter the climate change scenario considered — whether optimistic, business-as-usual or pessimistic — a minimum of 40 per cent of all existing semiconductor manufacturing plants are located in watersheds that are anticipated to experience high or extremely high water stress risk by 2030.

High-risk watersheds are those in which 40 to 80 per cent of the total renewable surface and ground water available for all purposes (e.g., irrigation, industrial, domestic use) are in use. Extremely high-risk watersheds are those in which greater than 80 per cent of the total renewable surface and ground water are in use.

Much of the recent concern expressed over semiconductor manufacturing paints the issue in geopolitical terms about interstate rivalry, especially between China and the United States.

Both the U.S. and Europe have announced major government funding for the semiconductor manufacturing industry, especially to bring back the facilities of companies that spent decades setting up manufacturing capacity outside of those regions. However, the manufacturing facilities being announced or under construction in the U.S. and Europe are all located in regions that are already facing significant water stress.

Intel, Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) and Samsung are all building new facilities in the southwestern U.S. — a region that has been under official drought conditions since 1994. In 2021, the U.S. Bureau of reclamation made its first ever shortage declaration for the Colorado River basin.

Future climate change scenarios suggest more than 40 per cent of all new semiconductor manufacturing facilities announced since 2021 will be in watersheds likely to experience high- or extremely high-risk water stress scenarios.

Put simply, climate change and water shortages is creating risks for semiconductor manufacture in both the short- and long-term.

The state of the industry

Semiconductor manufacturing facilities are multi-billion dollar investments. One does not simply pick a facility up from one location and plunk it down elsewhere if local water conditions become problematic.

As worrying as the future might be for the sector, aggregate water stress risks only tell part of the story. The importance of particular nodes in global production networks for semiconductors is another key factor.

For example, TSMC is widely acknowledged as a world leader in manufacturing advanced semiconductors for companies like Apple, Nvidia and Cerebras. Yet, the facilities where TSMC manufactures for those companies are located in just three sites in Taiwan. This makes the global production networks that manufacture these technologies quite fragile. Semiconductors, especially the most advanced ones, rely on a network of only a handful of facilities like TSMC’s.

Customers of those facilities cannot easily switch to another supplier in the face of a disruption, so issues that arise at a single facility can cascade through global supply chains. This can impact a wide variety of commodities that make use of semiconductors, as was experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Major semiconductor manufacturers like Intel and TSMC claim to take water stewardship seriously. Yet, their own company reports suggest there may be trouble ahead. Despite TSMC’s investments in water reclamation and recycling, the company anticipates being able to provide only two-thirds of the daily water consumption needed at its Taiwan-based facilities.

Intel, meanwhile, claims to achieve net positive water use across its manufacturing network as a whole. But, it manages this achievement only by counting surplus water at locations in one part of the world against water deficits at its facilities elsewhere.

A concerning future ahead

It is not going to be easy — or cheap — to overcome the chronic water stress risks for the semiconductor industry arising from the unfolding climate emergency. Conflicts already exist between the sector and other water users.

Even as individual companies make impressive water use efficiency improvements, these efforts do not automatically result in systemic efficiencies across semiconductor production networks. And no amount of efficiency will ever overcome the problem of the water that is needed for semiconductor manufacturing also being needed by other users.

It may still be possible to avoid some of the worst consequences of locking in future water stress for the sector by rethinking the location of future facilities that have been announced, but are not yet under construction.

Without secure access to large volumes of water there are no semiconductors, and without semiconductors there are no electronics. The climate emergency is a major driver of water stress both now and in the future. Can the tech sector cope? It remains to be seen.The Conversation

About the Author:

Josh Lepawsky, Full Professor of Geography, Memorial University of Newfoundland

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

 

Week Ahead: Oil primed for more upside?

By ForexTime 

  • Crude over 15% in Q1
  • Oil could kick off Q2 with bang
  • OPEC+ JMMC meeting, EIA data & NFP in focus
  • Prices bullish on D1 & W1 timeframe
  • Key level of interest at $83

Despite the holiday shortened week ahead for UK and European markets, the second quarter of 2024 could kick off with a bang.

All eyes will be on top-tier economic reports including the US March nonfarm payrolls and speeches by a handful of Fed officials:

Sunday 31st May

  • Easter Sunday
  • CN50: China non-manufacturing PMI, manufacturing PMI

Monday, 1st April

  • Easter Monday –UK and Europe markets closed
  • CN50: China Caixin manufacturing PMI
  • JP225: Japan Tankan business sentiment, manufacturing PMI
  • SGD: Singapore home sales
  • TWN: Taiwan manufacturing PMI
  • USD: US construction spending, ISM manufacturing

Tuesday, 2nd April

  • AUD: Australia Melbourne Institute inflation, RBA meeting minutes
  • EUR: Eurozone S&P Global Manufacturing PMI, Germany PMI
  • UK100: UK S&P Global/CIPS Manufacturing PMI
  • US500: US factory orders, JOLTS job openings, Fed speeches

Wednesday, 3rd April

  • CN50: China Caixin services PMI
  • JPY: Japan services PMI
  • EUR: Eurozone CPI, unemployment
  • OIL: OPEC+ JMMC meeting, EIA weekly report
  • US30: US ISM Services, Fed Chair Jerome speech, Chicago Fed President Austan Goolsbee speech

Thursday, 4th April

  • AUD: Australia building approvals
  • EUR: Eurozone S&P Global Services PMI, PPI
  • SEK: Swedish Riksbank meeting minutes
  • NZD: New Zealand building permits
  • USD: US initial jobless claims, Fed speeches

Friday, 5th April  

  • AUD: Australia trade balance
  • CAD: Canada unemployment
  • SGD: Singapore retail sales
  • JPY: Japan household spending
  • EUR: Eurozone retail sales, Germany factory orders
  • RUS2000: US March nonfarm payrolls (NFP)

Our attention lands on oil benchmarks which have appreciated in Q1 amid geopolitical risks and expectations around OPEC+ supply cuts tightening global markets.

Crude gained over 15% in Q1 with prices hovering near it’s 2024 high.

Note: Oil markets are closed for Good Friday, but trading will resume on Monday 1st April.

With the path of least resistance pointing north, further gains could be on the horizon.

Here are 4 factors that may impact oil prices in the week ahead:

    1) OPEC+ JMMC meeting (virtual)

No changes are expected to oil supply policy when OPEC+ alliance’s Joint Ministerial Monitoring Committee meets on Wednesday.

Note: At the start of the month, OPEC+ announced they will extend voluntary supply cuts that total 2.2 million barrels a day through the end of June.

So, the next major decision may be in June when OPEC+ meets to decide output for the second half of 2024. Nevertheless, any fresh insight or clues on what to expect from the cartel ahead of the big meeting could influence oil markets. 

 

    2) US Energy Information Agency (EIA) report

It is worth noting that Crude oil inventories unexpectedly jumped by 3.2 million barrels in the week ended March 22nd, after falling by 2 million barrels in the previous week.

The next EIA report published on Wednesday 3rd April may influence oil’s short to medium-term outlook.

  • Another build in US crude oil inventories may hit the demand outlook, pulling crude oil prices lower as a result. 
  • A decline in US inventories could boost optimism around demand which may push the global commodity higher.

 

   3) US March nonfarm payrolls (NFP)

The US economy is expected to have created 203k jobs in March, a noticeable drop from the 275k jobs in February, while the unemployment rate is expected to remain steady at 3.9%.

Note: Lower interest rates could stimulate economic growth, which fuels oil demand.

Traders are currently pricing in a 68% probability of a 25-basis point Fed rate but by June, with a cut fully priced in by July.

Note: Lower interest rates may also lead to a weaker dollar, which boosts oil which is priced in dollars.

  • Oil prices may push higher if a disappointing US jobs report reinforces bets around the Fed cutting rates three times this year.
  • A strong report that supports the case around the Fed keeping rates higher for longer could drag the global commodity lower. 

 

    4) Technical forces 

Crude seems to be gaining positive momentum on the daily charts with prices trading above the 50,100 and 200-day SMA. However, the Relative Strength Index is approaching the 70 level, indicating that prices may be overbought.

  • A solid breakout and daily close above $83 may pave a path towards $86.40 and potentially $90 in the medium to longer term.
  • Should $83 prove to be a tough resistance, prices may slip back towards $80 and the 200-day SMA at $79.00. 


Forex-Time-LogoArticle by ForexTime

ForexTime Ltd (FXTM) is an award winning international online forex broker regulated by CySEC 185/12 www.forextime.com