Archive for Economics & Fundamentals – Page 115

Time for Rumination

Source: Michael Ballanger  (4/10/23)

Michael Ballanger of GGM Advisory Inc. takes time to ruminate on the current state of the markets, both looking at the S&P Index and the gold market.

Auguste Rodin (1840-1917) was a famous French sculptor that chiseled out “The Thinker” shown above and featured in the highly-popular television series “The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis” as a background set piece.

It is the likeness of a man immersed in “rumination” as if obsessed with a conundrum such that when I was conjuring up a theme for this weekend’s weekly missive, had a mirror been close by, I may have observed Rodin’s masterpiece in lieu of my pitiable visage.

It was John Maynard Keynes that once remarked that “When the facts change, I change my mind.” And it was only after decades of stubborn resistance to any new information challenging my original investment thesis that I learned to embrace it.

That is one of the many cognitive biases that plague investors with this one known as confirmation bias. You seek out only the research and related articles that confirm your original premise for owning something.

The reason I mention this is that the current set of conditions that surround equity markets are sending off conflicting signals.

They say that “beauty is in the eye of the beholder,” but that also applies to “ugliness.” And this market is both.

The last barrage of fundamental data was about as ugly as it comes but when it comes to the technical picture, not so much. Just as “The Thinker” sits mesmerized as he stares down at the floor, many of us are also perplexed, although I do remain a cautious, short-term bull on stocks as well as a pound-the-table bull on gold.

Positive also on the electrification metals and on nuclear energy, I also see selected lithium names with near-term proximity to production at the forefront.

However, as these are amongst the most difficult markets I can ever recall, I empathize with Rodin’s sculpture.

S&P

The chart of the S&P 500 (“SPX”) is about as inoffensive as one could expect after stocks shrugged off several bank “runs” in March and more than a few mini-panics in North America and Europe. Goldman Sachs believes that the lows reached in October of 2022 may have been “THE” lows for the correction and that all-time highs will soon arrive, bypassing the most-heavily predicted recession in world history.

Three weeks ago, Morgan Stanley’s Michael Wilson was warning people of a “20% downside” for the markets before the bear market is over but now says (in very fine print) “for some stocks” as bearish rhetoric eases and forecasts are delivered in increasingly “couched” manners.

I felt like I was doing my rendition of a toilet seat lid at a frat house “kegger” all through March, as the vagary of direction had me wanting to chase breakouts one day and then selling breakdowns the next. Up, down, bullish, bearish – these are the types of choppy markets that drive trend traders crazy. What I am forced to do is refer back to four and half decades of built-up scar tissue to attempt to glean some distant recognition of a pattern or series of patterns that rings a bell, and it was just last evening as I scanned the stock index section of my chart book did I find myself in the agony of self-doubt.

As you will recall, I said one week ago that I thought that “The Bull is Back” with the SPX finally achieving escape velocity above that narrow band where 50, 100, and 200-DMA lines were all clustered together.

Last week, however, the JOLTS and ADP reports threw cold water on the technical heat resulting in a stall of sorts, and if there is anything more doubt-instilling after dodging the jaws of the meat grinder trading range, it is the dreaded stall.

At times like these, I pour myself a cup of Chai tea and gaze out over the lovely swamp called “Lake” Scugog, now devoid of ice after all the wind and rain of yesterday’s tempest, at which point I am reminded of a lecture once administered by a mentor back in the 1980s in which he swore black-and-blue that no bull market could endure without the cooperation and participation of the banks.

Mind you, the banks of the 1980s are mere shadows of the banks of the 2020s as they refrained back then from any of those “shenanigans of speculation” so commonplace today. Nevertheless, banks are banks, and they are important from a technical perspective, acting as a confirming indicator of the health (or fragility) of any market advance.

Despite a 4.5% rebound, the S&P Bank Index is still off 14.64% year-to-date, which really throws a technical damper over the set-up for stocks, albeit nothing as of yet terminal.

I draw this to your attention because whether you are trading tech or crypto or metals or energy, those sub-sectors are all heavily correlated to the SPX, and as we witnessed in 2008, 2020, and 2022, when they take the broad markets down, everything goes with it — or as that mentor of mine used to say, “When they raid the wh*** house, they take all the ladies, even the piano player.” (Please forgive the rather crass analogy.)

Gold

In keeping with the theme of “unavoidable correlation,” while it is important to remember that gold did not go unaffected by the events of 2008 and 2020, there have been two memorable stock market corrections in my recollective wheelhouse that stand out.

The first was October 19 to October 26th, 1987 — the Crash of ’87 — when I was 100%-invested in the senior and junior gold miners as a means of protecting my clients from a serious correction in stock prices which had advanced from Dow Jones 865 to 2,720 in five years sporting an average P/E of over 30 just before the Crash.

That year, there was an inverse correlation between the stock market and gold bullion prices, but it was a very sneaky affair, where the miners related to gold bullion decided to run for the exits along with the panicked equity bulls while physical gold bullion rallied from around US$425 to US$505. Where the lesson of 1987 was absolutely seared into my synapses was watching the TSE Gold and Silver Index ignore physical bullion’s 8% advance over the next four days and get cut in half – 10,300 to under 5,000 despite an US$80/ounce jump in spot gold.

Not only was it shocking, it was cruel.

The other time there was a departure from the correlation with equities was in the past fifteen months.

Since the date the SPX topped on January 7, 2022, gold is up 11.68% versus the 10.8% drop in the SPX, and while both 2008 and 2020 were liquidity-starved crashes, 2022 was an orderly decline which speaks even more loudly for gold’s performance.

Because rising real interest rates are the mortal enemy of the gold bug, that real rates have actually been moving in that very time frame from deeply negative (- 7.51%) to mildly negative (- 1.56%) while gold moves to within 3% of (USD) all-time high prices is amazing.

There is a really fascinating interview with geopolitical analyst Peter Zeihan, one of my favorite research sources, and in the interest of giving full credit to where it absolutely deserves to be, his assessment of the inflationary outlook here in 2023 is brilliant and one to which I fully subscribe.

You see, from 1990 until March 2020 (the arrival of the pandemic), the world enjoyed three decades of cheap Asian labor, cheap energy, and cheap capital. The forces of disinflation could not have been scripted any better than in an era in which major improvements in access to the global supply chain were made. By 2020, the trade routes of the seas were like the L.A. Expressway, with the oversupply of dollar store electronics and obsolete air conditioners sitting idle in offshore queues in major western ports.

However, with the shutdown in the global economy by dim-sighted politicians and underqualified medical hacks, the supply chain was irreversibly altered. With the playing field no longer favoring cheap Chinese labor and open-armed American markets, things are simply going to cost more.

Zeihan thinks we will run a 9% CPI for the next fifteen years providing that North America moves quickly to repatriate its once-formidable, post-WWII manufacturing juggernaut as the required resources tilt hard at commodity supplies (and therefore prices). Without this rebuild of the American Middle Class, he sees 15% CPI because, as Zeihan says with such masterful bluntness, “the supply chain is screwed, and stuff will be harder to get.”

As I am watching the carp already starting to flop around the shoreline of the Scugog Swamp in a grotesque mating ritual too bizarre for words, I ruminate on the role of gold given the global outlook described by Zeihan.

Absent any of the counterparty risks associated with virtually every other asset class, physical metals do not need any permissions in order for the owner to transact. I think that when the world suddenly wakes up to the reality of what actually happened at FTX or Silicon Valley Bank (and what was about to happen at Credit Suisse), they will opt for the unimpaired status of owning gold bullion over everything else.

Furthermore, when the generalist money managers decide to shift 1% of their AUM into gold, the impact upon such a comparatively minuscule market cap will be gargantuan in scale. As one walks down the aisle of valuation analysis, the “perfect storm” for gold miners is rising gold prices, declining energy prices, and negative real interest rates.

With the major cost input being diesel fuel for producers as well as timber and concrete for developers, profit margins are widening rapidly while, for the first time since the 1930s, liberal dividend policies are attracting a different breed of investor to an asset class current under-loved and under-owned, an ideal prerequisite for opportune accumulation.


Michael Ballanger Disclaimer:

This letter makes no guarantee or warranty on the accuracy or completeness of the data provided. Nothing contained herein is intended or shall be deemed to be investment advice, implied or otherwise. This letter represents my views and replicates trades that I am making but nothing more than that. Always consult your registered advisor to assist you with your investments. I accept no liability for any loss arising from the use of the data contained on this letter. Options and junior mining stocks contain a high level of risk that may result in the loss of part or all invested capital and therefore are suitable for experienced and professional investors and traders only. One should be familiar with the risks involved in junior mining and options trading and we recommend consulting a financial adviser if you feel you do not understand the risks involved.

Disclosures:

1) Michael J. Ballanger: I, or members of my immediate household or family, own securities of the following companies mentioned in this article: None.  I personally am, or members of my immediate household or family are, paid by the following companies mentioned in this article: None.

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Buffett is investing in Japanese companies. The US technology sector is under pressure

By JustMarkets

The US stock market traded yesterday without a single trend. At the close of trading, Dow Jones Index (US30) increased by 0.30%, S&P 500 (US500) added 0.10%. But NASDAQ Technology Index (US100) was down by 0.03%.

The minutes of the Fed’s March meeting are due on Wednesday and are expected to provide more information on the Central Bank’s plans to raise interest rates in the face of a potential banking crisis. While the collapse of several US banks in March has spurred bets that the Fed will slow the pace of interest rate hikes, markets are now preparing for at least one more increase in May (80% probability).

According to research firm IDC, Apple’s personal computer shipments decreased by 40.5% in the first quarter due to weak demand and high inventory. Rising Treasury yields also hit sentiment towards the technology sector amid a strong March Nonfarm Payrolls report, which indicated that a robust jobs market could prompt the Federal Reserve to tighten monetary policy further.

Equity markets in Europe did not trade yesterday due to the Catholic Easter holiday.

Oil prices declined on Monday after rising for three consecutive weeks as fears of further interest rate hikes, which could curb demand, counterbalanced the prospect of a market tightening due to supply cuts by OPEC+ producers. Technically, in the higher time frames, oil is trading in a price range. It’s a liquidity accumulation. And any accumulation sooner or later ends with an impulse move. Analysts expect oil prices to continue rising ahead of summer.

Gold prices are trading just below recent highs, remaining relatively resilient as markets await further signals on the US economy from inflation data and the minutes of the Federal Reserve’s March meeting on Wednesday. The yellow metal was supported by demand for a safe haven as investor sentiment remained weak amid fears of slowing economic growth and monetary policy uncertainty.

Asian markets were mostly up yesterday. Japan’s Nikkei 225 (JP225) increased by 0.42%, China’s FTSE China A50 (CHA50) lost 0.19%, Hong Kong’s Hang Seng (HK50) was not trading, India’s NIFTY 50 (IND50) added 0.14%, and Australia’s S&P/ASX 200 (AU200) was also closed yesterday.

Warren Buffett said he had increased his stake in the top 5 companies in Japan’s Nikkei 225 index. Buffett also stated that he intends to continue investing in Japanese stocks. The Nikkei 225 has outperformed its regional peers this year because the Bank of Japan will keep its soft monetary policy for a longer period.

Chinese consumer inflation rose less than expected in March (+0.7% y/y vs +1.0% y/y expected), while producer price inflation continued to decline (-2.5% y/y) amid weak local consumption and slowing manufacturing activity.

In Australia, consumer confidence rose by 1.3% as the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) suspended its rate hike cycle.

S&P 500 (F) (US500) 4,109.11 +4.09 (+0.10%)

Dow Jones (US30)33,586.52 +101.23 (+0.30%)

DAX (DE40) 15,597.89 +77.72 (+0.50%)

FTSE 100 (UK100) 7,741.56 +78.62 (+1.03%)

USD Index 102.55 +0.46 (+0.45%)

Important events for today:
  • – China Consumer Price Index (q/q) at 04:30 (GMT+3);
  • – China Producer Price Index (q/q) at 04:30 (GMT+3);
  • – Eurozone Retail Sales (m/m) at 12:00 (GMT+3);
  • – US EIA Short-Term Energy Outlook at 19:00 (GMT+3).

By JustMarkets

 

This article reflects a personal opinion and should not be interpreted as an investment advice, and/or offer, and/or a persistent request for carrying out financial transactions, and/or a guarantee, and/or a forecast of future events.

The US labor market remains resilient. China simulates an attack on Taiwan

By JustMarkets

A Nonfarm Payrolls report on Friday showed that US nonfarm payrolls rose by 236,000 in March, in line with a forecast of 239,000. February’s data was revised upwards. 326,000 jobs were added instead of 311,000. The US unemployment rate fell to a record low of 3.5%. At the same time, annual payrolls rose at the slowest rate since June 2021. Although the employment report showed significant growth, some sectors saw moderate declines, particularly manufacturing, and construction. But overall, such data leaves the US Federal Reserve with room for another rate hike at the next meeting. The market currently estimates a 70% probability that the Fed will raise interest rates by 25 basis points in May. The US stock indices did not trade on Friday due to the holidays. By the end of the week, the Dow Jones Index (US30) increased by 1.77%, and the S&P 500 Index (US500) jumped by 1.20%. The NASDAQ Technology Index (US100) gained 0.47% in 5 days.

Tesla (TSLA) announced plans to build a new plant in Shanghai to produce energy storage products.

Equity markets in Europe were also closed Friday. By the end of the week, German DAX (DE30) gained 0.19%, French CAC 40 (FR40) added 0.74% over the week, Spanish IBEX 35 (ES35) gained 0.89%, British FTSE 100 (UK100) jumped by 1.59% over five trading days.

According to the ECB Governing Council spokesman Klaas Knot, Europe’s central bank should continue to raise borrowing costs, with a slower pace of tightening being justified. The Dutch banker also added that even if the ECB reaches an interest rate level that the bank believes will return inflation to 2% in the medium term, the ECB may have to hold interest rates at this peak level for a long time.

Last week Israel’s Central Bank softened the pace of monetary policy tightening, recognizing the potential risks to monetary policy posed by the government’s scandalous “judicial reform.” Sri Lanka kept rates unchanged after receiving a loan from the International Monetary Fund, while Australia, Romania, Chile, Poland, and India also kept borrowing costs unchanged.

Oil prices remained stable at the end of last week. Investors are weighing the prospect of supply cuts by OPEC+ producers in May against concerns about weakening global growth, which could reduce demand for the fuel. Investors are also watching the progress of negotiations between Iraq and “Kurdistan” to restart northern oil exports, which could bring more oil to the global market.

Asian markets mostly rallied last week. Japan’s Nikkei 225 (JP225) declined 2.43% over the week, China’s FTSE China A50 (CHA50) was little changed over the week, Hong Kong’s Hang Seng (HK50) gained 0.30% over the week, India’s NIFTY 50 (IND50) added 3.52%, and Australia’s S&P/ASX 200 (AU200) was positive 1.30% over the week.

An analysis of global financial conditions shows that Asian financial markets have tightened less than in the US, and most Asian currencies have strengthened against the US dollar. Except for Japan, the region’s financial stock index has risen since 10 March (the day of the Silicon Valley bank crash) compared to the US bank index’s fall of almost 10% over the same period. This suggests that the Asian economy remains relatively well insulated from the US and European economies. Economists believe one factor favoring the Asia-Pacific region is a generally softer turn in monetary policy, with central banks in Australia, South Korea, Indonesia, and India putting tightening cycles on hold.

According to analysts, Hong Kong and Thailand, which are benefiting from China’s reopening, as well as domestic service-oriented economies such as India and the Philippines, “look relatively more resilient” to the global shock. And Singapore will be the main beneficiary of growth in the region.

Japan is poised to sharply increase its spending on chips as it tries to consolidate its position in the global semiconductor market, as it cuts exports amid a US drive to curb China’s technological ambitions. Japan is expected to spend $7 billion on manufacturing equipment next year, up 82% from this year.

The Chinese military simulated spot strikes on Taiwan on the second day of exercises around the island on Sunday, with the island’s defense ministry reporting several air force sorties and keeping an eye on Chinese missile forces. The US embassy in Taiwan said on Sunday that the United States was closely monitoring China’s drills around Taiwan and was confident that it had enough resources and capabilities regionally to ensure peace and stability. For his part, French President Macron said after a visit to China that Europe should reduce its dependence on the United States and avoid becoming embroiled in a China-US confrontation over Taiwan.

In the commodities market, futures on coffee (+6.92%), WTI oil (+6.33%), Brent oil (+6.32%), sugar (+6.20%), gasoline (+4.55%), silver (+4.03%) and lumber (+2.99%) showed the biggest gains last week. Futures on natural gas (-8.17%), corn (-2.42%), and wheat (-2.42%) showed the biggest drop.

S&P 500 (F) (US500) 4,105.02 +0 (+0%)

Dow Jones (US30)33,485.29 +0 (+0%)

DAX (DE40) 15,597.89 +0 (+0%)

FTSE 100 (UK100) 7,741.56 +0 (+0%)

USD Index 102.10 +0.27 (+0.27%)

Important events for today:
  • – US FOMC Member Williams Speaks at 23:15 (GMT+3).

By JustMarkets

 

This article reflects a personal opinion and should not be interpreted as an investment advice, and/or offer, and/or a persistent request for carrying out financial transactions, and/or a guarantee, and/or a forecast of future events.

Jobs report hints that Fed policy is paying off – and that a ‘growth recession’ awaits

By Christopher Decker, University of Nebraska Omaha 

The latest jobs report is in, and the good news is Federal Reserve policy on inflation appears to be working. The bad news is Fed policy on inflation appears to be working.

The March 2023 jobs report reveals that the U.S. economy added 236,000 jobs during the month – roughly in line with expectations. A trend does appear to be emerging as the U.S. central bank’s efforts to slow the economy down and tame inflation appear to finally be working on the labor market, with some companies feeling the effect of increased business costs.

While that will calm the nerves of monetary policymakers, it does raise the prospect of some economic pain ahead – not least for those who will indeed lose their jobs. And for the wider economy, it could also signal another slightly unwelcome phenomenon: the “growth recession.”

What is a growth recession?

Growth recessions occur when an economy enters a prolonged period of low growth – of say 0.5% to 1.5% – while also experiencing the other telltale signs of a recession, such as higher unemployment and lower consumer spending. The economy is still expanding, but it may feel just like a recession to regular people. Some economists consider the 2002 to 2003 period to have been a growth recession.

For now, the job market is still relatively robust. In March, the unemployment rate even edged downward very slightly to 3.5% from 3.6% the previous month.

Effectively, in terms of job additions, this still-healthy increase nevertheless does suggest a slowdown in hiring. The 236,000 jobs added in March is down from the 326,000 and 472,000 added in February and January, respectively.

A slowdown has been anticipated and suggested by other data for some time now. Eye-grabbing headlines about bank failures and layoffs in the tech sector also signal a slowdown.

Other data hint at more employment pain to come. The February Job Openings and Labor Turnover report from the Bureau of Labor Statistics posted a job openings number below 10 million for the first time since May 2021 – a downward trend that has been in place since December 2021, when openings peaked at 11.8 million.

Meanwhile, the U.S. Census Bureau recently reported that new manufacturing orders fell by 0.7% in February 2023. Indeed new orders declined in three of the last four reported months, and prior to that, orders growth had been sluggish at best.

In terms of sectors, job declines in construction – down by 9,000 – and manufacturing – down by 1,000 – are as expected, as both sectors are sensitive to interest rate increases.

It is quite likely that such declines will continue in coming months.

Other sectors posted substantial gains. Health services were up 50,800, and leisure gained 72,000. However, these gains are still smaller than in previous months.

What this means for Fed policy

This report seems to suggest that Fed actions to slow the economy are working, even though inflation still remains well ahead of its 2% target.

I believe this probably won’t significantly alter Fed policy. Indeed, it suggests that the year-old campaign of using aggressive interest rate hikes to tame inflation appears to be paying dividends. The slow drip of data proving this allows monetary policymakers to manage the economy as they try to provide a so-called “soft landing.”

If the April jobs report is similar to March’s, and barring any unusual events between now and its release in May, I expect the Fed to inch rates up very slowly, likely by another quarter basis point.

Where this leaves the economy as the year progresses, only time – and more data – will tell. But from where I stand, the economy looks to be heading toward a downturn by the fall. The question is whether it will take the form of a mild recession – which will include periods of economic shrinkage – or whether, as I suspect, it will be a low-growth recession. Either way, it will involve some pain.The Conversation

About the Author:

Christopher Decker, Professor of Economics, University of Nebraska Omaha

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

Carmakers are mistaken if they think chip shortages are over – they need to reinvent themselves while there’s time

By Howard Yu, International Institute for Management Development (IMD) 

Finally, carmakers got a break. Those in the UK boosted their output by over 13% in February as supply-chain pressures subsided, especially the persistent global shortage in microchips, also known as semiconductors. This “signals an industry on the road to recovery”, declared UK motoring trade association the SMMT. Well, up to a point.

Early in the pandemic, carmakers slashed sales forecasts as demand for cars evaporated, falling 47% in US and 80% in Europe in the first couple of months of lockdowns. Carmakers couldn’t see how sales could rebound quickly, which was a reasonable assumption at the time. In an industry where everyone has their own version of lean or just-in-time manufacturing, where unsold inventories are seen as tantamount to incompetence, they quickly scaled back orders from their supply chain.

Car parts suppliers such as Bosch and Continental reacted by scaling back their production – and naturally, their own suppliers, such as NXP and Infineon, also reduced their forecasts. These second-order effects went deep into the supply chain, eventually converging on the great and mighty semiconductor manufacturer in Taiwan, TSMC (Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company).

A modern car can easily contain more than 3,000 microchips. These control brakes, doors, airbags and windscreen wipers; they even support advanced functions like driver assistance and navigation control. Chipsets are like golden screws.

Yet obviously, many other industries depend on chips too. At the same time as carmakers were reducing their orders, manufacturers of gadgets such as games consoles, TVs and home appliances were seeing orders surging as consumers were forced to stay at home. They increased their chip requirements, and TSMC was more than happy to oblige.

It then became apparent to carmakers later in 2020 that they had overreacted. But by the time they woke up to this and ramped up orders, it was too late. TSMC was running all of its factories at maximum capacity to meet the surge in gadget demand, and there were no more chips available for carmakers.

As a result of this global semiconductor scarcity, worldwide vehicle production was approximately 11 million units, or about 12%, lower in 2021 than it would otherwise have been.

What carmakers got wrong

No one could have predicted the outbreak of COVID. Nor could anyone have foreseen the ramifications on the supply chain as the virus receded. Still, every executive in the car industry knows the importance of computing power in a modern car. A car is a supercomputer on wheels, they’ll say. And yet they didn’t treat chipsets as a critical area. In other words, they were happy to let their suppliers worry about chip requirements and not have any direct involvement with chipmakers.

Why? Because chips don’t involve mechanical engineering. From the boardroom to the shop floor, carmakers generally focus on final assembly. Chipset design and fabrication is one of many things that gets outsourced.

So during the pandemic, most carmakers had little choice but to perfect the art of triaging their chips: for example, General Motors hoarded them for expensive models, temporarily shutting down factories that produce lower-priced sedans.

Others instead removed features from vehicles that rely on microprocessors. BMW did away with parking assistance and even touchscreen capabilities in various models. It also withdrew semi-autonomous driving functionality from the X3, its top-selling model. Mercedes-Benz eliminated features such as high-end audio and wireless phone-charging from a number of vehicles.

The future threat

Car production is now increasing as the high pandemic demand for chips for household gadgets has fallen away. Still, it would be unwise to conclude that things are back to normal. Demand for chips is likely to look so different in future as we see the rollout of technologies like AI, the internet of things, and 5G/6G.

Major chipmakers are boosting capacity to meet this extra demand, with big new US facilities in the offing, for example. Yet it will take time for this to come on stream, and it’s still difficult to predict whether it will meet demand.

New product categories can appear unexpectedly, in a similar way to how bitcoin mining suddenly led to unforeseen chip demand. As Professor Rakesh Kumar in the Electrical and Computer Engineering department at the University of Illinois observes: “The exact nature, speed and magnitude of the increase in demand is still unknown.”

As we saw during the pandemic, chip factories also typically run close to maximum capacity, leaving production extremely susceptible to disruptions. Natural disasters like earthquakes and floods can cause problems, as can accidents such as fires and power outages. In March 2021, for instance, a fire at a Renesas Electronics chip factory in Japan caused a significant disruption to supplies over and above the pandemic-related problems. Geopolitical or military tensions, including those between the US and China, could also affect production in future.
The implication is clear: carmakers must cultivate in-house expertise in this area. Rather than relying on suppliers or their sub-suppliers for semiconductors, they need to directly engage with chipmakers and do the relevant designs in-house. For example, Ford announced a collaboration with US chipmaker GlobalFoundries in 2021 to create chips for its vehicles while exploring the prospect of expanding domestic chip production.

This approach is already common practice among newer, more self-sufficient carmakers such as Tesla and China’s BYD and NIO, who all have extensive operations dedicated to designing or even producing their own chipsets.

These changes will not be easy. Yet the cost of clinging to the status quo will far outweigh the difficulties in the transition. For any company dependent on semiconductors, their resilience and future success hinge on getting this right. The correct response to the end of the pandemic is not to say “back to normal” but “never again”.The Conversation

About the Author:

Howard Yu, Professor of Management and Innovation, International Institute for Management Development (IMD)

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

 

Why Britain’s new CPTPP trade deal will not make up for Brexit

By Terence Huw Edwards, Loughborough University and Mustapha Douch, The University of Edinburgh 

The UK recently announced that it will join the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), giving British businesses access to the 11 other members of the Indo-Pacific trade bloc and bringing its combined GDP to £11 trillion.

Some commentators have suggested the deal could make up for Brexit. It’s been called “a momentous economic and strategic moment” that “kills off any likelihood that it [the UK] will ever rejoin the EU customs union or single market”. Shanker Singham of think tank the Institute of Economic Affairs has even said: “it’s no exaggeration to say that CPTPP+UK is an equivalent economic power to the EU-28-UK”, comparing it to a trade deal between the UK and EU members.

UK business and trade secretary Kemi Badenoch echoed such sentiments, telling Times Radio:

We’ve left the EU so we need to look at what to do in order to grow the UK economy and not keep talking about a vote from seven years ago.

The problem with this fanfare is that the government’s own economic analysis of the benefits of joining this bloc is underwhelming. There is an estimated gain to the UK of 0.08% of GDP – this is just a 50th of the OBR’s estimate of what Brexit has cost the UK economy to date. Even for those that are sceptical about models and forecasts, that is an enormous difference in magnitude.

Of course, the CPTPP is expected to offer the UK some real gains. It certainly provides significant potential opportunities for some individual exporters. But the estimated gains for Britain overall are very small.

The main reason for this is that, apart from Japan, the major players of the global economy are not in the CPTPP. The US withdrew from the Trans Pacific Partnership (the CPTPP is what the remaining members formed without it). And China started negotiations to join in 2022, but current geopolitics now make its entry highly improbable. India was never involved.

In addition, the UK already has free trade agreements with nine out of the 11 members. The remaining two, Malaysia and Brunei, are controversial due to environmental threats from palm oil production to rainforests and orangutans.

Britain’s existing trade agreements with CPTPP members

A table listing the existing British trade agreements with CPTPP members.
Author provided using GDP data from the World Bank and trade data from UN Comtrade.

And despite the widespread public perception of the Asia-Pacific area as a hub of future growth, the performance and prospects of the CPTPP members are a mixed bag. The largest member, Japan, is arguably in long-term decline, as is Brunei, while just three members (Vietnam, Singapore and New Zealand had average growth in the last decade above 3% annually.

Finally, distance really does matter in trade. All the CPTPP members are thousands of miles from the UK, which explains their relatively small shares in UK trade at present.

container-ship

Some benefits of CPTPP

While all of these points pour cold water on the suggested gains, there are some potential benefits from the CPTPP agreement, which allows for mutual recognition of certain standards. This includes patents and some relaxation of sanitary and phytosanitary rules on food items.

However, agreements over standards will involve the UK submitting to international CPTPP courts on these issues. This sits uncomfortably with many of the “sovereignty” objections to the European Court of Justice in relation to Brexit (largely from many of those who have extolled the CPTPP). It’s also notable that out of the nine agreements with CPTPP members that existed before the UK signed this deal, all but two are rollovers of previous EU deals.

But a trade deal with the CPTPP is worth more to the UK than separate deals with each member due to requirements around “rules of origin”, which determine the national source of a product. When a product contains inputs from more than one country, a series of separate free trade agreements may not eliminate tariffs. But if all the relevant countries are members of a single free trade agreement, then rules of origin on inputs from other members cease to be a problem (although there might be some issues if some members do not police the requirements properly).

Not the ideal agreement

While these benefits should be recognised, we should also acknowledge that the CPTPP is not the ideal agreement for Britain. As stated above, distance really does matter in trade – this is overwhelmingly accepted by modern trade economists.

Research shows that the rate at which trade declines with distance has barely changed over more than a century. This might seem strange because transport costs have fallen over time. But, as transport and communications have improved, firms have outsourced much of their production to complex supply chains that often cross national borders many times, with “just-in-time” supply schedules to keep down the costs of holding large stocks.

This means that, while trade everywhere has grown, there is still a big premium for trading (many times) across borders between contiguous countries. It is exactly this type of trade which benefits most from big comprehensive trade agreements that simplify rules of origin and regulatory paperwork.

This suggests that, while some elements of the the CPTPP offer benefits to the UK, it is unlikely to boost its trade in the way it does between countries around the Pacific Rim. For this sort of boost, the UK really needs to look towards its own neighbours. Of course, this is just the sort of agreement that Badenoch seems reluctant to discuss.The Conversation

About the Author:

Terence Huw Edwards, Senior Lecturer in Economics, Loughborough University and Mustapha Douch, Assistant Professor in Economics, The University of Edinburgh

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

Haruhiko Kuroda leaves the Bank of Japan. Global financial markets are closed today due to the Good Friday holiday

By JustMarkets

At the close of the stock market on Thursday, the Dow Jones Index (US30) increased by 0.01%, and the S&P 500 Index (US500) added 0.36%. The NASDAQ Technology Index (US100) gained 0.76% yesterday.

Weekly jobless claims in the US are falling. Initial jobless claims fell by 18,000 in the last week from 246,000, exceeding economists’ forecast of 200,000 applications and reinforcing expectations of a cooling labor market. An important monthly labor market report will be released today, namely the change in nonfarm payrolls. Analysts forecast that the US economy will add 238,000 jobs in March after an increase of 311,000 in February. The unemployment rate is forecast to remain at a low of 3.6%. With low liquidity due to the closure of other financial exchanges in Asia and Europe (Good Friday holiday), this report could cause a significant spike in volatility.

The Federal Reserve should stick to raising interest rates to reduce inflation while the labor market remains strong, given the high probability that recent financial stresses will continue to ease and in the absence of a marked tightening of credit conditions, St Louis Fed President James Bullard said on Thursday. Bullard previously said he had raised his estimate of how high the Fed’s benchmark overnight interest rate should rise by the end of 2023 to a range of 5.50%-5.75%.

Equity markets in Europe were mostly up yesterday. German DAX (DE30) gained 0.50%, French CAC 40 (FR40) added 0.12%, Spanish IBEX 35 (ES35) increased by 0.67%, and British FTSE 100 (UK100) closed with a 1.03% gain.

ECB spokesman Philip Lane said yesterday that if the ECB’s economic outlook remains unchanged by the May meeting (4 May), a rate hike would be appropriate. His comments followed a stronger-than-expected rise in industrial production in Germany in February, which, combined with strong business activity data on Wednesday, made the eurozone economy avoid recession in the first quarter. Analysts are now forecasting a 0.25% interest rate hike at each of the next 2 ECB meetings.

Natural gas futures resumed their downtrend, closing the current week down almost 10%. Natural gas is down for the 4th week in 5. The monthly contract has once again fallen below the key support level of $2, with new lows likely in the coming days. Natural gas storage in the US fell only slightly last week as cooler-than-normal weather led to sustained demand for heating. According to the EIA, the storage volume is now 32% higher than a year ago and nearly 20% higher than the five-year average.

Asian markets traded flat yesterday. Japan’s Nikkei 225 (JP225) decreased by 1.10%, China’s FTSE China A50 (CHA50) fell by 0.58%, and Hong Kong’s Hang Seng (HK50) added 0.01%, India’s NIFTY 50 (IND50) increased by 0.24%, and Australia’s S&P/ASX 200 (AU200) ended the day down by 0.31%.

Haruhiko Kuroda will hold his last press conference as head of Japan’s central bank today, ending a decade of soft monetary policy. Shock therapy was one of the key features of Kuroda’s monetary experiment, under which the Bank of Japan rolled out a massive asset purchase program in 2013.

Today is a Good Friday holiday. Most financial exchanges will be closed. Only the US futures and forex exchanges will be open part-time.

S&P 500 (F) (US500) 4,105.00 +14.62 (+0.36%)

Dow Jones (US30)33,485.29 +2.57 (+0.0077%)

DAX (DE40) 15,597.89 +77.72 (+0.50%)

FTSE 100 (UK100) 7,741.56 +78.62 (+1.03%)

USD Index 101.90 +0.05 (+0.04%)

Important events for today:
  • – US Nonfarm Payrolls (m/m) at 15:30 (GMT+3);
  • – US Unemployment Rate (m/m) at 15:30 (GMT+3).

By JustMarkets

 

This article reflects a personal opinion and should not be interpreted as an investment advice, and/or offer, and/or a persistent request for carrying out financial transactions, and/or a guarantee, and/or a forecast of future events.

Gold has reasons to rise further. Chinese business activity recovers

By JustMarkets

In the United States, the ISM manufacturing and services business activity index fell short of expectations in March, indicating a clear deterioration in demand conditions. If the business activity does not recover soon, layoffs could accelerate in the coming months, exacerbating labor market problems and pushing the country into a painful recession. The ADP National Employment report showed that US private employers hired far fewer workers than expected in March, adding to the signs of a cooling labor market after Tuesday’s weak jobs data. Stock indices are once again under pressure. As the stock market closed Wednesday, the Dow Jones Index (US30) increased by 0.24%, while the S&P 500 Index (US500) fell by 0.25%. The NASDAQ Technology Index (US100) lost 1.07% yesterday.

Cleveland Fed President Loretta Mester said Wednesday that it is too early to tell if the Fed needs to raise the benchmark rate at its next policy meeting in early May. The US interest rate futures markets currently estimate a 60.5% chance that the Fed will leave rates unchanged at its next meeting.

Recent Bloomberg research has unexpectedly shown that the biggest “short” in the banking industry in the world is not in Switzerland or Silicon Valley in the US but in the relatively quiet financial center of Canada. In recent weeks, sellers have increased their bearish positions against Toronto-Dominion Bank, Canada’s second-largest lender, with $3.7 billion in total capital, more than BNP Paribas (BNPP) and Bank of America (BAC). There is little indication that the Canadian lender has any liquidity problems. But analysts point to concerns about TD’s exposure to the domestic housing slowdown, as well as its ties to the US market through its stake in Charles Schwab (SCHW) and its planned acquisition of a regional US bank.

Equity markets in Europe traded flat on Tuesday. German DAX (DE30) decreased by 0.53%, French CAC 40 (FR40) lost 0.39%, Spanish IBEX 35 (ES35) gained 0.35%, and British FTSE 100 (UK100) was up by 0.37% yesterday.

According to analysts, the ECB will continue to tighten monetary policy with no signs of any disinflationary process, discounting energy and commodity prices and the fact that inflation is increasingly dependent on demand. Two more interest rate hikes of 0.25% at each meeting are currently expected.

In the precious metals market, the situation has not changed. Falling government bond yields, caused by the dovish review of the Fed’s monetary policy course, will continue to act as a tailwind for gold and silver. The US Treasury curve has shifted sharply downward since mid-March following the turmoil in the US banking sector, and recent macro data have reinforced investors’ views that the US economy is in trouble.

The weekly US inventory report on Wednesday showed that the government has again cut reserves to boost market supply and limit fuel price spikes. Clearly, there is a standoff between the US and OPEC+ countries. The Biden administration has relied heavily on reserves since late 2021 to offset limited inventories and lower black gold prices. In turn, OPEC+ countries are cutting production to create shortages and allow oil prices to continue their upward rally.

Asian markets traded flat yesterday. Japan’s Nikkei 225 (JP225) decreased by 1.07%, China’s FTSE China A50 (CHA50) and Hong Kong’s Hang Seng (HK50) did not trade yesterday, India’s NIFTY 50 (IND50) gained 0.77%, and Australia’s S&P/ASX 200 (AU200) ended the day negative by 0.09%.

The latest Caixin report showed that service sector activity in China grew at its fastest pace in 2.5 years in March, thanks to solid new orders, new job creation, and a post-pandemic recovery. The Caixin Global Services Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) rose to 57.8 in March from 55.0 in February, increasing for the third straight month. The 50-point mark separates expansion and contraction in activity.

India’s Central Bank left the interest rate unchanged at 6.5%. This was a surprise, as analysts had expected a 0.25% increase. But the Reserve Bank of India said it was ready to act against inflation if further conditions warranted.

S&P 500 (F) (US500) 4,090.38 −10.22 (−0.25%)

Dow Jones (US30)33,402.38 −198.77 (−0.59%)

DAX (DE40) 15,520.17 −83.30 (−0.53%)

FTSE 100 (UK100) 7,662.94 +28.42 (+0.37%)

USD Index 101.94 +0.35 (+0.34%)

Important events for today:
  • – Australia Trade Balance (m/m) at 04:30 (GMT+3);
  • – China Caixin Manufacturing PMI (m/m) at 04:45 (GMT+3);
  • – China Caixin Services PMI (m/m) at 04:45 (GMT+3);
  • – Indian Interest Rate Decision at 07:30 (GMT+3);
  • – Switzerland Unemployment Rate (m/m) at 08:45 (GMT+3);
  • – US Natural Gas Storage (w/w) at 17:30 (GMT+3).
  • – German Industrial Production (m/m) at 09:00 (GMT+3);
  • – UK Construction PMI (m/m) at 11:30 (GMT+3);
  • – US Initial Jobless Claims (w/w) at 15:30 (GMT+3);
  • – Canada Unemployment Rate (m/m) at 15:30 (GMT+3);
  • – Canada Ivey PMI (m/m) at 17:00 (GMT+3);

By JustMarkets

 

This article reflects a personal opinion and should not be interpreted as an investment advice, and/or offer, and/or a persistent request for carrying out financial transactions, and/or a guarantee, and/or a forecast of future events.

Can this former CEO fix the World Bank and solve the world’s climate finance and debt crises as the institution’s next president?

By Rachel Kyte, Tufts University 

Over the past two years, a drumbeat of calls for reforming the World Bank has pushed its way onto the front pages of major newspapers and the agenda of heads of state.

Many low- and middle-income countries – the population the World Bank is tasked with helping – are falling deeper into debt and facing growing costs as the impacts of climate change increase in severity. A chorus of critics accuse the World Bank of failing to evolve to meet the crises.

The job of leading that reform is now almost certain to fall to Ajay Banga, an Indian American businessman and former CEO of Mastercard who was nominated by President Joe Biden to replace resigning World Bank President David Malpass. Nominations closed on March 29, 2023, with Banga the only candidate.

There is no shortage of advice for what Banga and the World Bank need to do.

The G-20 recently issued a report urging the World Bank and the other multilateral development banks to loosen their lending restrictions to get more money flowing to countries in need. A commission led by economists Nicholas Stern and Vera Songwe called for a rapid, sustained investment push that prioritizes transitioning to cleaner energy, achieving the U.N. sustainable development goals and meeting the needs of increasingly vulnerable countries.

African ministers of finance will soon come out with their own “to do” list for the World Bank, and India’s minister of finance just pulled together an expert group to consider World Bank reform.

Banga will walk into the job with these and many other to-do lists. Yet he will inherit a corporate culture that makes the World Bank Group too inwardly focused and too slow to respond.

I have worked for the World Bank Group and with it from the outside. I see four key roles – four “C’s” – that Banga will need to master from the outset. From his track record and his reputation for deep thoughtfulness, I am confident that he can.

1) Act as a CEO and get the entire World Bank Group house in order.

The World Bank Group is a conglomerate with four balance sheets, three cultures and four executive boards, plus a dispute resolution arm.

Lending to low- and middle-income countries is just part of its role. The World Bank Group also provides technical assistance across all areas of economic development and invests in and provides risk insurance to encourage companies to invest in projects and places they might otherwise consider too risky. Its ability to mobilize private-sector finance and stretch every dollar is crucial for meeting the world’s development and climate adaptation and mitigation needs.

How the World Bank operates.

Banga will need to set clear goals for each part of the World Bank Group and get them working more effectively to help the world achieve its goals.

2) Assume the mantle of collaborator in chief to take on the debt and climate crises.

Many of the World Bank Group’s client countries are facing both mounting debt and rising costs from climate change.

The high cost of borrowing can hamper developing countries’ ability to invest in needed infrastructure to grow and protect their economies, and they fear being locked out of global trade as the United States’ green subsidies in the Inflation Reduction Act and Europe’s border carbon tax may make it more difficult for them to compete.

The solutions to cascading problems like these cannot be managed by one institution. However, the current multilateral development bank system – the World Bank Group and the regional development banks – is disjointed at best and competitive at worst.

In the past, the leaders of the development banks, the International Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organization have cooperated, more or less, depending on crises and personalities, and can move fast when they need to.

During the global financial crisis of 2008 and 2009, for example, the then-heads of the World Bank and the WTO hurried to develop trade finance facilities to support banks in developing countries as capital fled to the U.S. and Europe. It took intense diplomacy to push wealthy countries and institutions to get money out the door to shore up businesses and trade. Success was measured not in months but in days.

The new president of the World Bank will need to support more radical collaboration among development financial institutions, including pooling capital and talent, to help respond quickly to countries’ needs.

It won’t be easy. Institutional rivalries run deep. But with budgets tight, there is growing clarity that there is no choice – the capital that is already in the system is the closest at hand and can be deployed to better effect if the institutions are willing to adapt.

3) Be a convener.

Overhauling how international finance works will require everyone to be on board – development banks, central banks, regulators, investment banks, pension funds, insurance companies and private equity.

Banga and International Monetary Fund Managing Director Kristalina Georgieva can settle institutional differences and present a coordinated face to private investors and the major lending countries, including China – which has emerged as the biggest holder of developing country debt – to speed up support to struggling countries.

On other issues, such as nature-based solutions to climate change, building resilience and economic inclusion, the World Bank Group can bring its significant resources and skills, including data analysis, to global conversations that it has been painfully absent from for the past four years.

4) Be a champion for the most vulnerable.

The world’s most vulnerable people are the World Bank Group’s ultimate beneficiaries. For those living on the front line of biodiversity loss and climate impacts, such as extreme heat, drought and flooding, the current international financial system is proving inadequate.

The World Bank Group’s management incentives are still too oriented to lending approved by the board, not the outcomes of that lending, advice and assistance.

Throughout its history, World Bank leaders have been able to make rapid changes to better help vulnerable countries when they stay close to the needs of their ultimate beneficiaries and the goals that the world has set.

The next president faces turbulent times. Banga’s careful listening on his campaign tour signals that he understands the complexity. It’s an extraordinary moment in the history of the institution, with sky-high expectations of what one leader needs to do.

This article was updated March 30, 2023, with the announcement that Banga is the only candidate for World Bank president.The Conversation

About the Author:

Rachel Kyte, Dean of the Fletcher School, Tufts University

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

The RBNZ unexpectedly raised its rate by 0.5%. The US labor market is starting to show signs of slowing

By JustMarkets

According to the monthly JOLTS report, the number of job openings, a measure of labor demand, fell by 632,000 to 9.9 million in February, the lowest since May 2021. This is a direct sign of a slowing labor market, reinforcing investors’ bets that the Federal Reserve will end its tightening cycle and fueling recession fears. The US factory orders also declined for the second straight month, a 0.7% decrease in February after falling by 2.1% in January. The Dow Jones Index (US30) decreased by 0.59%, and the S&P 500 Index (US500) lost 0.59% at the close of the stock market on Tuesday. The NASDAQ Technology Index (US100) fell by 0.52% yesterday.

Analysts believe that if bad economic data is added to the banking crisis plus rising oil supply costs, there is a better chance of a rate cut later this year. On Tuesday, the interest rate futures market estimated a 50% chance of a 25-bp rate hike in May. Although on Monday, that probability was more than 65%.

Northcoast Research downgraded Boeing Co. (BA) from neutral amid concerns that engine maker CFM International won’t be able to supply enough engines for the aircraft maker, limiting its growth. Lockheed Martin Corporation (LMT) said Monday that the US Army has a multi-year contract to produce joint air-to-ground missiles (JAGM) and HELLFIRE missiles. The contract is worth $4.5 billion. In March, President Joe Biden requested $842 billion for the Pentagon and $44 billion for defense-related programs. The 2024 budget proposal is $28 billion more than last year.

Stock markets in Europe traded flat Tuesday. German DAX (DE30) gained 0.14%, French CAC 40 (FR40) lost 0.01%, Spanish IBEX 35 (ES35) gained 0.29%, and British FTSE 100 (UK100) closed yesterday down by 0.50%.

Huw Pill, the chief economist of the Bank of England, said that officials might have to raise interest rates even if inflation declines in order to prevent price increases caused by the attempts of households and companies to regain lost income. For her part, Bank of England policymaker Silvana Tenreyro laid out the case for lower interest rates. The politician believes that as the bank rate moves further into restrictive territory, a softer stance is needed to achieve the inflation target in the medium term. Inflation in the UK surprised economists as it stubbornly remained above 10%, five times the Bank of England’s target. Inflation is expected to fall sharply from its current level of 10.4% in the coming months due to lower energy prices and base effects.

On Tuesday, the two-year US Treasury bond yield, which generally reflects interest rate expectations, fell 12 basis points (bps) to 3.86%. With gold and silver inversely correlated to the dollar index and government bond yields, precious metal prices skyrocket. Meanwhile, gold is on track to renew its all-time high.

Asian markets were mostly up yesterday. Japan’s Nikkei 225 (JP225) gained 0.35%, China’s FTSE China A50 (CHA50) wasn’t traded, Hong Kong’s Hang Seng (HK50) ended the day down by 0.66%, India’s NIFTY 50 (IND50) was flat, and Australia’s S&P/ASX 200 (AU200) ended the day up by 0.18%.

The RBNZ unexpectedly raised the rate by 50 basis points to 5.25%, saying that inflation is still too high. The RBNZ rate is now higher than that of the US Fed. The central bank of New Zealand was one of the first central banks in the world to take action against rising inflation after COVID-19 and has raised rates by a combined 500 basis points since mid-2021. The central bank said the country’s economic growth is expected to slow until 2023 amid weakening global demand for exports, slowing local consumption, and monetary policy, which is now entering a restricted zone. Further monetary policy will depend on new data.

S&P 500 (F) (US500) 4,100.60 −23.91 (−0.58%)

Dow Jones (US30)33,402.38 −198.77 (−0.59%)

DAX (DE40) 15,603.47 +22.55 (+0.14%)

FTSE 100 (UK100) 7,634.52 −38.48 (−0.50%)

USD Index 101.56 −0.53 (−0.52%)

Important events for today:
  • – New Zealand RBNZ Interest Rate Decision at 05:00 (GMT+3);
  • – New Zealand RBNZ Rate Statement at 05:00 (GMT+3);
  • – Australia RBA Governor Lowe Speaks at 05:30 (GMT+3);
  • – German Services (m/m) PMI at 10:55 (GMT+3);
  • – Eurozone Services (m/m) PMI at 11:00 (GMT+3);
  • – UK Services PMI (m/m) at 11:30 (GMT+3);
  • – US ADP Nonfarm Employment Change (m/m) at 15:15 (GMT+3);
  • – Canada Trade Balance (m/m) at 15:30 (GMT+3);
  • – US Trade Balance (m/m) at 15:30 (GMT+3);
  • – US ISM Services PMI (m/m) at 17:00 (GMT+3);
  • – US Crude Oil Reserves (w/w) at 17:30 (GMT+3).

By JustMarkets

This article reflects a personal opinion and should not be interpreted as an investment advice, and/or offer, and/or a persistent request for carrying out financial transactions, and/or a guarantee, and/or a forecast of future events.